<p>Bethel Historic District is roughly bounded by Liberty, King, 1st, and 4th Sts. in Bethel, Missouri. Construction of the town, which was for over thirty years a successful experiment in communal living, began in 1844. The leader of the community was a German emigrant, charismatic autocrat Dr. William Keil. After his death, the communal structure gradually collapsed and the communal property was split among the community members. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. There are twenty-six contributing properties.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<h3>Main Street, West Side</h3><br>
<p>The Vandiver House, which was the existing structure when the community purchased the property in 1844.</p><br>
<p>The Blair Residence, home to the community wheel-right, a two-story, clapboard, frame house.</p><br>
<p>A brick house, two stories tall.</p><br>
<p>The Henry Ziegler Residence, a hip roofed, brick building, two stories tall.</p><br>
<p>The Mose Miller Residence, a brick building, two stories tall, was the last building constructed while the town as still communally owned.</p><br>
<p>The Nicholas Will Tailor Shop and Residence, a frame building, two stories tall.</p><br>
<p>A Colony House, clapboard clad brick building, two stories tall.</p><br>
<h3>Main Street, East Side</h3><br>
<p>Two frame dwellings, two stories tall.</p><br>
<p>The John Bower Business District, a row of tin faced brick buildings, two stories tall.</p><br>
<p>The Bethel Communal Men&#39;s Home, brick structure, two stories tall.</p><br>
<p>A brick residence, two stories tall.</p><br>
<p>The Bauer Residence, a brick building and later frame addition, two stories tall.</p><br>
<p>The Bauer Drug and Jewelry Shop, a frame building, two stories tall.</p><br>
<h3>King Street, West Side</h3><br>
<p>A Colony House and Smoke House, central stair, brick house, two stories tall.</p><br>
<p>Brick house, frame addition, one story tall.</p><br>
<p>The Erich Colony House, a brick home, two stories tall.</p><br>
<p>A brick home, two stories tall.</p><br>
<h3>King Street, East Side</h3><br>
<p>A Colony House, brick, two stories tall.</p><br>
<p>The Samuel Schriber Residence, home to the community millwright, brick home and frame addition and porch.</p><br>
<p>A Colony House, clapboard class brick, two stories tall.</p><br>
<p>A mansard roofed brick home.</p><br>
<h3>Liberty Street, West Side</h3><br>
<p>A Colony House, clapboard clad brick building, two stories tall.</p><br>
<h3>Liberty Street, East Side</h3><br>
<p>The Ziegler Colony House., home to a community blacksmith, clapboard clad brick building.</p><br>
<h3>First Street, North Side</h3><br>
<p>The Bethel School, brick structure, one story tall.</p><br>
<p>A colony home, brick with additions, two stories tall.</p><br>
<p>The Ashtabula lift bridge  is a Strauss bascule bridge that carries Ohio State Route 531 over the Ashtabula River in the harbor of Ashtabula, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>Besides its importance as a major transportation route in Ashtabula, the bridge occupies a crucial location in the citys built environment; the Ashtabula Harbour Commercial District terminates at the bridges western end.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A river crossing had been at the bridge&#39;s site long before it was constructed.</p><br>
<p>In 1889, a 19th-century pontoon bridge on the site was replaced by a through truss bridge, which permitted river access because it was a swing bridge.</p><br>
<p>In 1925, the bridge was constructed by a Cleveland firm, Wendell P. Brown, for $179,000. The lifting action depends on electric motors and a massive concrete counterweight. It is one of only two of its type that remain in service in the state of Ohio, and the only one extant in the state highway system.</p><br>
<p>In 1985, the bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 1986, the bridge was restored.</p><br>
<p>From March 2008 through May 2009, the bridge was closed for repairs and repainting.</p><br>
<p>Hotel Woodland is a historic hotel located in Woodland, California and designed by William Henry Weeks. The hotel is on the National Register of Historic Places, and is a contributing property of the Downtown Woodland Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1920 the idea of an upscale hotel in Woodland was discussed by a group of local businessmen, who then formed an investment group that offered stock ownership for this idea. This group approached W.H. Weeks with their preliminary plans after enough funds were raised to make the project seem possible.</p><br>
<p>The plans werent carried out until 1928, however. At this point in Woodlands history, there were many tourists and visitors to the city, and this prosperity prompted the plans years earlier for an upscale hotel, to come to fruition. The hotel was developed by Weeks Securities Corporation, a corporation Weeks had just started the same year, which had developed several other hotels in northern California. Around 50 local businesses also invested in the hotel, raising 10% of the $500,000 spent to construct the building. A site on the corner of Main and College Street was chosen, where just ten years earlier a hotel by the name of Byrns Hotel had been condemned and demolished. Hotel Woodland was thus made real. In the 25 years since his first project in Woodland, this would be Weeks 14th project and last major work in the city.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was completed with four stories, 80 guest rooms, and was built reflecting a simplified California Churrigueresque style of Spanish Colonial Revival architecture. The Spanish Colonial Revival style of the building shows a simplified commercial version, but has more detailed Churrigueresque features like the "festively painted" moldings that are grouped together in the upper window of the central tower of the building. The building also shows off a clay tile roof and decorated spiral columns near the entryway. The building&#39;s lobby features 2,000 ft2 of cement floor, meant to appear like Mexican tile, wrought iron chandeliers and "beamed, stenciled ceilings". The ground floor also had a restaurant and a banquet room for social events.</p><br>
<p>Its elegance made it a spot for important community events and gatherings. Because of its visibility on Main Street, as well as its beauty, it was one of the buildings that contributed to the splendor of Downtown Woodland.</p><br>
<p>By the 1980s, the hotel had become dilapidated and worn. Main Street merchants and city residents all agreed that something had to be done to the building, either to demolish it or to renovate it. After much discussion over several years, the path of renovation for the hotel was chosen. Near the end of 1994 a non-profit organization and a local developer purchased the hotel for $925,000. They made $5.5 million in subsequent renovations to make the hotel livable. The hotel was converted into a place for low-income residents. The renovations were funded from local, state, and federal grants. The upper floors were planned for housing while the bottom floors were projected to have shops.</p><br>
<p>Buchanan County Court House in Independence, Iowa, United States was built in 1940. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003 as a part of the PWA-Era County Courthouses of IA Multiple Properties Submission.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A small wooden structure that was built in 1847 was the first building used for court functions. The first term of court was held in a log cabin belonging to Rufus B. Clark and the second term was held in the storeroom of a schoolhouse. A courthouse was finally built in Independence in 1857 for about $10,000. Voters elected to build a new courthouse in 1880 for $7,500.</p><br>
<p>Des Moines architects Dougher, Rich & Woodburn were retained to design a new courthouse. The county applied for and received a grant from the Public Works Administration (PWA) in 1938. This is one of ten courthouses in Iowa that received PWA funds. County voters approved a bond referendum for additional funding on June 6, 1938. Five houses were removed from an expanded courthouse square and groundbreaking for the new courthouse took place November 15, 1938. The cornerstone was laid on September 20, 1939, and C.C. Larsen Company of Council Bluffs, Iowa was responsible for the buildings construction. The county board of supervisors received the completed building on March 22, 1940. The courthouse was dedicated on May 22 of the same year. Nearly 4,000 people attended the parade and heard the address by retired Rear Admiral Harry Yarnell, formerly of Buchanan County, who was the main speaker. The old courthouse was taken down after the new courthouse was dedicated, and landscaping was completed by autumn. A wing was added to the north end of the courthouse in 1976 to house the countys correctional facility. Subsequently, another addition was built on the south side of the historic building.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The architectural style of the historic portion of the building is known as Depression Modern or PWA Moderne. The building features a symmetrical façade with a central section that is flanked by two lower sections. The exterior is clad in buff-colored brick with Bedford limestone trim. It rises three stories above a raised basement. A central corridor on each floor extends the length of the building, with the offices opening onto the corridors. The building features multi-colored terrazzo floors, marble wainscoting, and acoustic tiles. The five tall windows that extend from the second to the third floors of the main elevation mark the location of the courtroom, which was decorated in dark wood tones and Art Deco ornamentation.</p><br>
<p>The building is located on the courthouse square on the north side of the central business district where the previous courthouse was also located. Two elements on the courthouse square, which itself is a contributing site, are contributing objects on the buildings nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. The first element is the buildings original flagpole. The second is a replica of the Statue of Liberty (1950), which commemorates the 40th anniversary of the Boy Scouts of America.</p><br>
<p>Buchanan County Courthouse is a historic courthouse located at St. Joseph, Missouri. It was built in 1873, and is a cruciform plan, Renaissance Revival-style brick building. It features pedimented porticos with Corinthian order columns and a glass and tin central dome.</p><br>
<p>It was first listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Buchanan County Courthouse and Jail in 1972. Its boundaries were decreased in an amendment in 1978 and the NRHP listing was renamed as "Buchanan County Courthouse", apparently excluding the jail.</p><br>
<p>The Merchant Street Historic District in Honolulu, Hawaii, was the city&#39;s earliest commercial center.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Bounded roughly by Fort Street at the southeast end and Nuuanu Avenue at the northwest, its older, low-rise, brick and stone buildings, surrounded by contemporary, concrete high rises, serves as an open-air, human-scale architectural museum of the city&#39;s commercial development between the 1850s and the 1930s. Its architectural styles range from nondescript 19th-century commercial through Richardsonian Romanesque, Italianate, and Mission Revival. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Directly to the north is Chinatown, another historic district.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings</h2><br>
<h3>Melchers (1854)</h3><br>
<p>The earliest structure is Melchers Building at 51 Merchant Street, built in 1854 for the retail firm of Melchers and Reiner. Its original coral stone walls are no longer visible under its layers of stucco and paint, and it now houses city government offices, not private businesses.</p><br>
<h3>Kamehameha V Post Office (1871)</h3><br>
<p>The Kamehameha V Post Office at the corner of Merchant and Bethel Streets was the first building in Hawaii to be constructed entirely of precast concrete blocks reinforced with iron bars. It was built by J.G. Osborne in 1871 and the success of this new method was replicated on a much grander scale the next year in the royal palace, Aliiōlani Hale. The old post office building was separately added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h3>Bishop Bank (1878)</h3><br>
<p>The Bishop Bank Building at 63 Merchant Street was the earliest of the Italianate (or Renaissance Revival) structures on the street, built in 1878 and designed by Thomas J. Baker (one of the architects of Iolani Palace). Its distinctive features include a corner entrance, arched windows and doors, fine masonry work, and brick pilasters below an ornamental cornice and parapet along the roofline, all of which are obscured to some extent by its current exterior of monotone white stucco. In 1925, Bishop Bank moved to much larger quarters along "Bankers Row" on Bishop Street, and later changed its name to First Hawaiian Bank, now one of the largest in the state.</p><br>
<h3>T.R. Foster Building (1891)</h3><br>
<p>The T.R. Foster Building at 902 Nuuanu Avenue was built by Thomas R. Foster, one of the founders (in 1882) of the Inter-Island Steam Navigation Company. In 1880, Foster had purchased the estate of the renowned botanist William Hillebrand (1821&ndash;1886), which was bequeathed to the city as Foster Botanical Garden at the death of his wife, Mary E. Foster (née Robinson), in 1930.</p><br>
<p>The architectural style of the two-story T.R. Foster Building resembles that of the one-story Royal Saloon Building across the street, which was built in 1890 on the site of a former corner bar. Both are modestly Italianate brick buildings, with pilasters, cornices, and balustrades along the streetside rooflines. The Royal Saloon ceased to be a bar during Prohibition, but both buildings were renovated during the 1970s and now house OTooles Irish Pub and Murphy&#39;s Bar & Grill.</p><br>
<h3>Bishop Estate (1896)</h3><br>
<p>The bare stone face of the tiny Bishop Estate Building at 71 Merchant Street is a fine example of the stolid Richardsonian Romanesque style that was popular when it was built in 1896. Its architects were Clinton Briggs Ripley and his junior partner, C.W. Dickey, a well-connected local boy with a fresh degree in architecture from M.I.T., and it initially housed the executive offices of not only the Bishop Estate, but also the Charles Reed Bishop Trust and the Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Constructed of dark lava from the Estate&#39;s own quarries, its notable features include arches above the lower door and window frames, four rough stone pilasters on the upper level, and a corniced parapet along the roofline.</p><br>
<h3>Judd Building (1898)</h3><br>
<p>The Judd Building at the corner of Merchant and Fort Streets combines elegant features of Italianate architecture with businesslike functionalism. Designed by Oliver G. Traphagen, newly arrived from Duluth, Minnesota, it boasted Hawaiis first passenger elevator when it opened in 1898. A fifth floor was added on top in the 1920s, the interior was remodeled in 1979, and the ground floor has also been reconfigured. However, the exterior of the middle three floors reflects Traphagens original design, with arched windows, simulated keystones, and decorative wreaths and floral designs. Built on land that used to house the medical offices of Dr. Gerrit P. Judd, the new building served as the first headquarters of Alexander & Baldwin, and also of the Bank of Hawaii until 1927. The bank bought the building in 1998, and A&B repurchased it in 2000.</p><br>
<h3>Yokohama Specie Bank (1909)</h3><br>
<p>Overseas branches of the Yokohama Specie Bank (横浜正金銀行 Yokohama Shōkin Ginkō, est. 1880) were chartered to act as agents of Imperial Japan. The Honolulu branch was the first successful Japanese bank in Hawaii. The building at 36 Merchant Street dates from 1909 and was designed by one of Honolulu&#39;s most prolific architects, Henry Livingston Kerr, who considered it not just his own finest work, but the finest in the city at the time. The brick and steel structure is L-shaped, with a corner entrance and a courtyard in back. Its Italianate design includes a triumphal arch over the main door, copper window casings, glass wainscoting, marble trim, and paintings inside by a local artist. Bank personnel received Japanese-speaking, Chinese-speaking, and English-speaking customers in separate areas.</p><br>
<p>On the day that Pearl Harbor was bombed, the building was taken over by the Alien Property Custodian, the first floor became a warehouse for confiscated possessions, and extra showers, toilets, and holding cells were installed in the basement to accommodate up to 250 drunken military personnel. The bank&#39;s former customers spent years trying to get their money back, and never managed to collect interest on their old deposits until the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The building was renovated in the 1980s by local restoration architect Spencer Leineweber and became home to Honolulu Magazine from 1982 to 2001. It currently serves as a preschool and childcare center.</p><br>
<h3>Honolulu Police Station (1931)</h3><br>
<p>The last significant old structure in the district was the old Honolulu Police Station at 842 Bethel Street, which occupies the whole block of Merchant Street between Bethel Street and Nuuanu Avenue. Built in 1931 at a cost of $235,000, it replaced an earlier brick building on the same site that dated from 1885, during the era of the notorious Walter Murray Gibson, so the new structure is also known as the Walter Murray Gibson Building. Architect Louis Davis designed it in a Spanish Mission Revival style that matches very well that of the newly built city hall, Honolulu Hale (1929). (Davis had designed the ornately Chinese New Palama Theatre two years earlier. It was leased in the 1970s to show Filipino films and renamed Zamboanga Theatre.) Building materials include 11 tons of marble from France, mahogany from the Philippines, and sandstone from Waianae. It served as the headquarters of the Honolulu Police Department until the latter moved to the old Sears building in Pawaa in 1967. It was renovated in the 1980s and now houses other city offices.</p><br>
<p>St. Luke&#39;s Chapel is a historic chapel located in Rutherfordton, Rutherford County, North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The chapel was commissioned by Dr. and Mrs. Henry Norris of Philadelphia, founders of Rutherford Hospital, to serve its staff and patients, arising out of the Social Gospel Movement.</p><br>
<p>Completed in 1908, it is a small, one-story, frame, vernacular Gothic Revival style gable-front building. A one-story gable-roofed frame wing was added about 1915. It was restored in 1945 and again in 1965, and had its exterior renovated in 1991. It is the oldest building on the grounds of Rutherford Hospital, and the only remaining original building.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>St. Lukes Hospital, in Chicago, Illinois, is a former hospital. Its set of Gothic Revival style buildings, the St. Lukes Hospital Complex, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The hospital eventually outgrew its original building, moved to a new location, and eventually became Rush University Medical Center, a major Chicago hospital.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Lukes Hospital was founded in 1864. The St. Lukes Hospital School of Nursing was established in 1885. St. Lukes merged with Presbyterian Hospital to form Presbyterian-St. Lukes Hospital in 1956. Their nursing schools also united to create the Presbyterian-St. Luke&#39;s Hospital School of Nursing.</p><br>
<p>In 1969, Rush Medical College reactivated its charter and merged with Presbyterian-St. Lukes Hospital to form Rush-Presbyterian-St. Lukes Medical Center. Rush University, which now includes colleges of medicine, nursing, health sciences and research training, was established in 1972. The institution officially changed its name in September 2003 to Rush University Medical Center.</p><br>
<h2>Notable figures</h2><br>
<p>Robin Williams was born in St. Luke&#39;s Hospital on July 21, 1951.</p><br>
<p>Donald Rumsfeld</p><br>
<p>The Oliver House is a historic house at 203 West Front Street in Corning, Arkansas. It is a -story wood-frame L-shaped structure, with a gambrel-roofed main block and a gable-roofed section projecting forward from the right side. A single-story hip-roofed porch extends through the crook of the L and around to the sides, supported by Tuscan columns. The interior retains original woodwork, including two particularly distinguished fireplace mantels. Built c. 1880 and last significantly altered in 1909, it is one of Corning&#39;s oldest buildings. It was built by J. W. Harb, and purchased not long afterward by Dr. J. L. Oliver Jr., whose son operated a general store nearby.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Village Diner, sometimes called the Halfway Diner or the Historic Village Diner, is located on North Broadway  a block north of New York State Route 199, in Red Hook, New York, United States. It is a 1951 diner that has been in two other area locations during its history.</p><br>
<p>Its design reflects the era when diners were modeled closely after railroad dining cars, with chrome exteriors and curved walls. In 1988 it became the first diner in New York, and the fourth in the nation, to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Frommer&#39;s called it "one of the best... midcentury American diners".</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The diner is in the center of a 75 by lot in downtown Red Hook. To the south is a Queen Anne Style house, to the north a small store and, across Cherry Street, the Elmendorph Inn. Across North Broadway are many 19th century residences. The front and rear of the lot are used as parking.</p><br>
<p>The restaurant building itself is on a cement block foundation. Its exterior is stainless steel, curved at the corners fluted and painted with horizontal bands on a steel frame structural system. Windows are rectangular and retractable, high up the wall. A screen door on the south side is centrally located. All these features mimic those of a rail dining car.</p><br>
<p>Atop the roof is a red neon sign reading "DINER". The main entrance is off-center, towards the south, as a result of a later expansion. A rear wing, added later, is sided in vinyl.</p><br>
<p>The interior further emulates its rail model, with tables in booths along the east and west walls with a single aisle between them. The ceiling is also vaulted. The rear is mostly given over to counter and cooking space; it has no windows as a result, a deviation from the model. A later rear addition expands the kitchen facilities to the east.</p><br>
<p>Much of the interior trim is original, such as tiled floor and wainscoting in turquoise and black, cream enameled walls, a laminated counter with 16 stools and a back wall with ribbed metal covering for all the kitchen functions. These treatments are more utilitarian, more typical of a lunch counter than a lushly-furnished rail diner of the era. The rear wing has some open dining space with freestanding tables and chairs, plus restrooms with their original doors.</p><br>
<p>The diner retains its original builder&#39;s plate upon which Paterson Vehicle stamped a serial number 5113 indicating that it was the thirteenth unit built in 1951. This was a typical practice employed by Paterson and is seen on many of its remaining Silk City structures still in existence.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From their origins as horse-drawn hot lunch carts, diners had evolved during the early 20th century into stationary, yet movable, fixtures of the developed urban landscape of the urban Northeast. The increasing use of the automobile during the 1920s for intercity travel brought them into the countryside. Manufacturers offered prefabricated models with lessons in management, giving entrepreneurs the chance to get into the restaurant business with less capital than it usually took.</p><br>
<p>In 1925, Lou Dubois of Kingston, across the Hudson River from Red Hook, bought a popular Silk City Diner from the Paterson Vehicle Company, one of the leading diner manufacturers. He chose to install it first in an area along recently designated Route 9, the Albany Post Road, just north of nearby Rhinebeck called Astor Flats. They called it the Halfway Diner because he thought it was about halfway along Route 9 between New York City and Albany. Dubois&#39;s wife managed the diner while her husband continued to drive trucks for a beer distributor.</p><br>
<p>Three years later he died, and his family sold the diner to Bert Coons. He moved it to its current location and continued to make a profit. When the Taconic State Parkway was completed through northern Dutchess County after World War II, he moved the diner east, to where Route 199 intersected with the new road, to take advantage of changed transportation patterns. It is not clear whether he changed the name at the same time.</p><br>
<p>In 1957, with the Kingston–Rhinecliff Bridge having restored some of the lost through traffic to Red Hook, Coons moved the diner back to its present location. He rented it to others and then finally sold it in the 1960s, after adding onto it to make it more of a traditional restaurant. A new roadside sign announced its new name to travelers — the Village Restaurant. The current owners refer to it as the Historic Village Diner. It has become a local institution.</p><br>
<p>Cullen Center is a skyscraper complex in Downtown Houston, Texas, United States. The complex is now managed by Brookfield Properties. Previously Trizec Properties owned all four office buildings. The complex includes the headquarters of the Houston Fire Department and KBR, and it formerly included the headquarters of Continental Airlines.</p><br>
<p>The buildings include 1600 Smith (formerly Continental Center I), 600 Jefferson (formerly Continental Center II), KBR Tower, and 500 Jefferson Street.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1959, the family of Hugh Roy Cullen, an oil businessperson and philanthropist who was recently deceased, announced that they would build a skyscraper complex in Downtown Houston. To the surprise of everyone the family planned for the 12 acre, 5½ city block site to accommodate several sites. The first two buildings were to be a 500-room, 15–18 story hotel and a 25-story office building. Next, a 40–45 story office building was to be completed. Other buildings were planned to be added at later times. Gerald E. Veitmann, president of the Cullen Center, said that it was going to be "a memorium to Mr. and Mrs. Cullen, an investment in excess of 100 million dollars," and "to Houston what Rockefeller Center is to New York City." Work for clearing the land was scheduled to begin in December 1959. During the year, the family&#39;s plans also included another 25 story office building and a parking garage. Construction of the Cullen Center, which was planned to have around one dozen buildings, was scheduled to begin on October 1, 1960, with the first building being a 21-story office building with an attached parking garage.</p><br>
<p>Welton Becket and Associates master planned the first two buildings, the 21 story, $12 million 500 Jefferson and the 12-story, $6 million Hotel America. Gerald E. Veltmann, the president of Cullen Center, Inc. said that the development "represents a marked departure from the traditional downtown scene and colors" because the development "centers around a planning concept with four separate levels structures: sub surface, used for parking and mechanical equipment; surface, used for vehicular traffic, parking, entrance lobbies, and service entrances, a second level, used for pedestrian-oriented facilities such as main lobbies, shops, displays, galleries, lounges, and restaurants; and the top space, into which will rise the main towers containing hotel rooms and offices." In other words, the building design separated the pedestrian and vehicular traffic from one another. The first levels were to have open plazas. The developer planned to establish air-conditioned bridges connecting the buildings at their second levels. The architect, Welton Becket of FAIA, said that the two original buildings were "esthetically related through the use of a common material—concrete—in a variety of forms—physically related by the second-level pedestrian bridges, and visually related around open plaza parking areas and a common exposed aggregate sidewalk roads."</p><br>
<p>500 Jefferson opened in 1962. Continental Center II opened in 1974. The KBR Tower was built in 1973 and renovated in 1991. Continental Center I was completed in 1984.</p><br>
<p>By 1987, the Canadian company Trizec Corporation bought debentures carrying an option to buy portions of the Cullen Center, including 1600 Smith Street.</p><br>
<p>By 1991, the M. W. Kellogg Company, which has already taken space at the M. W. Kellogg Tower formerly held by its parent company, leased an additional 250,000 ft&sup2; of space on 12 floors within one building in Cullen Center.</p><br>
<p>By 1997, Trizec had convinced several Cullen Center tenants to move to the nearby Allen Center, which was also owned by Trizec. During that year Continental Airlines announced that it was moving its headquarters to the Cullen Center. Paul Layne, a vice president of the TrizecHahn Office division, said that the Continental move would raise the Cullen Center&#39;s occupancy rate from 81 percent in November 1996 to 94 percent.</p><br>
<p>Tim Reylea, the vice president of Cushman Realty Corp., said that the Continental move "is probably the largest corporate relocation in the central business district of Houston ever."</p><br>
<p>In 2001, when Enron collapsed, it vacated 800,000 ft&sup2; of space in the Allen Center and Cullen Center complexes in Downtown Houston.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, Continental signed five-year lease renewals for its Downtown Houston office space. In 2010, Continental Airlines and United Airlines announced that they would merge and that the headquarters of the combined company would be in the Chicago Loop. Continental has not stated how much of the 480,000 ft&sup2; of space that it leases in Continental Center I and the 220,000 ft&sup2; of space that it leases in Continental Center II will be vacated.</p><br>
<h2>500 Jefferson</h2><br>
<p>500 Jefferson, with its construction scheduled to begin on October 1, 1960, was the first building in Cullen Center to be developed. 500 Jefferson, which opened in 1962, In addition, at one time Suite 1600 had the Houston Fire Department Records Department.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, the law firm Lapin & Landa LLP signed a lease agreement to occupy 7,922 ft&sup2; of space.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, KBR signed a 20-year lease for 1,200,000 ft&sup2; at 500 Jefferson and the KBR Tower. In 2011 Brookfield Properties Corp. offered 500 Jefferson for sale. Paul Layne, Brookfield&#39;s Houston area executive vice president, said that the KBR lease made the building a major candidate for sale.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, an affiliate of W.P. Carey purchased 500 Jefferson.</p><br>
<h2>1801 Smith</h2><br>
<p>1801 Smith, previously Continental Center II, then 600 Jefferson, has 20 stories and 449,087 ft&sup2;. Neuhaus & Taylor was the design architect, Linbeck Construction Company was the general contractor, Chault & Brady was the mechanical engineer, and Elisor Engineering, Inc. was the structural engineer. The building was completed in 1972 and was renovated in 1998. As of November 2014, United Airlines is the primary tenant.</p><br>
<p>The Houston Fire Department has its administrative offices in the building. The administrative offices, the planning and homeland security division, and the HPD emergency operations division are located on the seventh floor. The training room is also on the seventh floor. The HFD chaplain, the fire codes division, the fire marshall/fire prevention division, the high rise certification division, the high rise inspections division, the public affairs division, and the firefighter recruiting division are located in Suite 600. The public education, public information office, special events, and staff services divisions are in Suite 700. The ambulance records, EMS records, fire records, and the medical director are in Suite 800.</p><br>
<p>Continental Airlines moved its employees into the Cullen Center, including Continental Center I and Continental Center II, in stages beginning in July 1998 and ending in January 1999. After the September 11 attacks and by September 2004, Continental laid off 24% of its clerical and management workers. Despite the reduction of the workforce, Continental did not announce any plans to sublease any of its space in Continental Center I and Continental Center II. As of 2008 the airline leases 200,000 ft&sup2; at Continental Center II. As of that year it has not yet renewed its lease.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, at Continental Center II, Brookfield Properties began offering office suites from 1,200 ft&sup2; to 2,000 ft&sup2; to small businesses and laid off individuals seeking to start their own businesses.</p><br>
<p>In November 2014, Brookfield sold the building to DRA Advisors and Stream Realty Partners.</p><br>
<p>In addition to millions of dollars of renovations and upgrades, the property address was permanently changed in March 2017, to 1801 Smith Street, Houston, TX 77002.</p><br>
<h2>Hotel</h2><br>
<p>The Whitehall Hotel Houston Downtown, is located in the Cullen Center. The hotel, initially planned as a 250-room, 10 story hotel, was built on a block bounded by Jefferson, Pease, and Smith, with the Brazos Street to the west. The Hotel Corporation of America began operating the hotel as Hotel America. The hotel was scheduled to be ready for occupancy in 1962. By 1961 the hotel, with a groundbreaking scheduled for August 31, 1961, was scheduled to have 327 rooms. The hotel has 12,000 ft&sup2; for event groups.</p><br>
<h2>Retail</h2><br>
<p>Continental Center I</p><br>
<p>Ground Floor</p><br>
<p>Subway (Suite 125)</p><br>
<p>Continental Airlines Ticket Office (Suite 195)</p><br>
<p>Concourse Level</p><br>
<p>Cafe Le Monde</p><br>
<p>Paradise Gifts</p><br>
<p>KBR Tower</p><br>
<p>A Level Cafeteria</p><br>
<p>Kim Son</p><br>
<p>Subway</p><br>
<p>Concourse Level</p><br>
<p>Frost Bank (with Motor Bank)</p><br>
<p>500 Jefferson Street</p><br>
<p>Concourse Level</p><br>
<p>Continental Airlines Federal Credit Union</p><br>
<p>The Manning–Kamna Farm is a private farm adjacent to Hillsboro in Washington County, Oregon, United States. Settled in the 1850s, ten buildings built between 1883 and 1930 still stand, including the cross-wing western farmhouse. These ten structures comprise the buildings added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007 as an example of a farm in the region from the turn of the 20th century. Until the 1950s the farm was used to grow seeds, including rye grass and vetch. Listed buildings on the property include a barn, smokehouse, pumphouse, woodshed, and privy.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Farming here began in 1851, when Carlos Dudley Wilcox and his wife Elizabeth settled a Donation Land Claim on the Tualatin Plains in Washington County, Oregon. Carlos had immigrated to the Oregon Country in 1847 with his parents and married the 15-year-old Elizabeth Scoggin on July 3, 1851. The couple had five children on their 640 acre farm, though Carlos sold 62 acre in 1857. In 1872, the Wilcoxes divorced, with Elizabeth gaining the southern part of the farm and Carlos the northern part, of which he sold half in 1874.</p><br>
<p>Elizabeth remarried on January 29, 1874, to native New Yorker Louis Manning. Manning, born in 1836, had previously lived in Kansas, Ohio, Colorado, and Eastern Oregon before settling in Washington County. On Elizabeth&#39;s 320 acre farm, the two raised her children from the prior marriage and grew various crops. They built a new farmhouse on the property between 1876 and 1883. The Mannings also built a two-story barn on the farm in the early 1880s.</p><br>
<p>Herman Kamna (1870–1924) from Bassen, in what was then the Province of Hanover, in Germany (now Lower Saxony) immigrated to Washington County with his family in 1886. He married Anna Rehse on February 14, 1900, and the couple purchased 175 acre from the Mannings in June 1903. The Mannings retained a life estate to a small portion of the farm that included the farmhouse, and remained on the farm until after Louis death in 1910 and Elizabeths in 1916. The Kamnas then moved into the farmhouse.</p><br>
<p>The Kamnas had four children, though one died in an accident at the farm at age three. One son, Edgar, in time took over the farming on the farm. About 1910 the Kamna family built an addition to the barn, and around 1920 built a second addition to the barn. They continued adding buildings to the farm in the early 1900s including a woodshed, privy, pumphouse, chicken coop, smokehouse, potato shed, and a canning shed. The last addition was a garage in the 1920s. In the 1920s the family added indoor plumbing to the farmhouse, and in the process enclosed parts of two porches. The Kamnas grew oats, fescue, rye grass, vetch, and sub-clover on the farm and used the barn for sorting and packing the seeds, running the farm into the 1950s. As of 2007 the farm was owned by Wayne Reed and Petrina Pometto. On October 10, 2007, the Manning–Kamna Farm was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Farmhouse</h2><br>
<p>Located along northwest Evergreen Road at Jackson School Road, the Manning-Kamna farm sits across the street from the city of Hillsboro. The largest and oldest building on the farm is the residence. Built as early as 1876 and as late as 1883, the house stands 1.5 stories tall and is of a late Victorian style in a cruciform shape. The cross-wing Western Farmhouse designed structure has a gabled roof (double Gabled-Ells) with four hip-roofed porches, one on each corner. The home is a wood-framed building that had a concrete foundation added in 2006. Materials include mainly Douglas-fir for the wood, and a composite shingle roof.</p><br>
<p>Details on the home include double hung windows, two chimneys, seven doors, and a catwalk that attaches to the neighboring woodshed. Architectural features include a corbelled chimney, crown moulding window casings, and on the porch are triangle shaped decorative wood brackets that are on top of the turned porch columns at the eaves. Inside, the main floor includes the kitchen, laundry room, a bathroom, the dining room, a parlor, foyer, a mud room, a fireplace room that features a Rumford fireplace. The second floor has a bathroom, a sewing room, and three bedrooms.</p><br>
<h2>Out buildings</h2><br>
<p>The 2.22 acre farm has nine other buildings organized in a rectangular pattern, with the home in the middle, the barn to the west, and the privy on the eastern boundary. The original two-story barn is the oldest and largest of these remaining buildings, dating from the early 1880s. Built of hand hewn timber posts, it measures 35 ft by 70 ft and has white shiplap siding. The two newer barn buildings and the older portion form one interconnected building. These newer parts are one story tall, with the middle one measuring 20 ft by 30 ft and the northernmost 20 ft by 20 ft. White board and batten siding was used on the middle portion that was built around 1910 and tongue and groove siding on the end section added about 1920. The barns were used for the seed growing operation of the farm.</p><br>
<p>Attached to the residence is the woodshed, or chop house, that stands one story tall and has a gabled roof. Built in the early 1900s by the Kamna family, it was remodeled in the 1970s and turned into a finished space complete with half-bath. The chicken coop was built about 1920 with an unfinished interior, and also has a gabled roof. The 12.5 ft by 20 ft structure has a dirt floor and shiplap siding. The potato shed also features the shiplap siding and gabled roof. Measuring 16 ft by 22 ft, the concrete floored structure was built circa 1910 and was used for storing crops.</p><br>
<p>The smallest structure is the privy, which is 6 ft by 8 ft. It was used from about 1910 until the 1950s. Inside were three holes, while outside was shiplap siding and a cedar shake roof. The pumphouse featured a brick foundation and brick lined well. Built about 1910, it is a wood-frame structure with a hip roof of composition shingles. The well was used for irrigation on the farm.</p><br>
<p>Also built around the same time was the smokehouse which had a dirt floor. Measuring 8.5 ft by 10.5 ft, it has white shiplap siding and a cedar shake roof on the exterior. The canning shed on the property is the only brick structure. Built in the late 19th century, it was used for canning, food storage, and summer kitchen. Measuring 14 ft squared (1.3 m), it also has a hipped roof which features a wooden ventilation chimney at the apex. The exterior of the brick is covered with stucco.</p><br>
<p>The newest building on the farm is the garage that was built in the 1920s. It has a gabled roof, exposed rafter tails, weatherboard siding, and composition singles. Located between the farmhouse and the barn, it measures 24 ft by 16 ft and has a 10 ft wide double-car garage door on the south side. There is a single window on both the east and west ends of the building. A large Pignut Hickory and Black Walnut trees shade the garage.</p><br>
<p>The Greek Amphitheatre is an open-air amphitheater on the campus of Southern Arkansas University  in Magnolia, Arkansas. Located at the southeastern corner of the campus, it is the only performance space of its kind in southern Arkansas, and has regularly been the site of university events. It was built in 1938 by a combined effort of the National Youth Administration, and New Deal works program, and the 1936 graduating class of Magnolia A & M, as SAU was then called. It has a seating area 103 ft wide and about 83 ft deep. All of its major elements, including the seating area and stage, are made of concrete.</p><br>
<p>The amphitheater was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Hornby School is a one-room schoolhouse in Greenfield Township, Erie County in the USA state of Pennsylvania. The school was one of the ten similar schools constructed in Greenfield Township, and is one of only two one-room schoolhouses remaining in Erie County that are not heavily altered. The schoolhouse was constructed in 1875, and was originally called Shadduck School. Hornby School stayed in continuous operation as a school until 1956. It was restored and opened as the Hornby School Museum in 1984, and was listed on National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Hornby School is located on Station Road (Pennsylvania Route 430) in Greenfield Township, a 1/4 mi from the intersection of Station and Williams Roads. The school consists of a one-story, frame building 36 ft long and 22 ft. Its gable roof shingled with cedar shakes and topped with a belfry. The interior of the school divided into three rooms: the cloakroom, the wood storage room, and the school classroom. The schoolhouse was not built with indoor plumbing; water is supplied from a well and hand pump adjacent to the building. Also on the property is a two-person outhouse; only one stall is operational with the other being used for storage. The original holding pit beneath the outhouse was removed and replaced with a septic tank in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first school to be established in Greenfield Township was at Colt Station in 1820. Shadduck School was originally a log cabin built in 1850; the building was replaced in 1865 with another log cabin. After the passage of the Free Schools Acts of 1834 by the Pennsylvania General Assembly, state funding allowed Greenfield Township to build ten, frame, one-room schoolhouses that either replaced older schools or established new ones. On December 23, 1873, the Greenfield Township School Board authorized the construction of two new schoolhouses&mdash;replacing the older Shadduck School and another schoolhouse. The school board decided on a location for the building on June 12, 1875, and the school was completed by October 27.</p><br>
<p>The school was known as Shadduck School until 1900, when it was changed to reflect the name of the nearest post office, Hornby. The school&#39;s belfry was also erected in 1900. Hornby School was closed in 1956 after the township became a part of the Wattsburg Area School District and the Greenfield Elementary School was completed. The property, including the building and its contents, were subsequently auctioned off.</p><br>
<p>The Hornby School Restoration Society was formed and the school, along with a 1/2 acre of land, was donated to the organization in 1973; an additional 1/2 acre was donated in 1991. Hornby School was reopened on August 26, 1984 and now functions as a museum. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 13, 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Hornby School is a working one-room schoolhouse and replicate the operation of the school from the 1870s to the early 1900s. Of the ten constructed in Greenfield Township and the six that survived to the 1940s, it is the only one that was not modified: one is an automotive parts store, three are residential homes, and another burned down in a fire. All of the "chalkboards, desks and other teaching implements" were original to Hornby School or were from one of the other schoolhouses in the township. The only other one-room schoolhouse in the county is located on the campus of Northwestern High School in Albion.</p><br>
<p>The Elmendorph Inn, is the oldest building in the village of Red Hook, New York, United States. It is located at the north corner of North Broadway  and Cherry Street, a block north of the junction of Route 9 and NY 199.</p><br>
<p>It was built in the mid-18th century as an inn to serve long-distance travelers on the Albany Post Road. In the 1810s, it became the meeting place of the Red Hook Town Board for the next several decades. It has had a number of owners; the Elmendorphs are the earliest known ones. In the 1830s, it was expanded and renovated, eventually becoming just a residence. After a recent restoration it has become a community center. In 1978 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The inn is a two-story, nine-bay frame clapboard-sided structure with a modified gambrel roof pierced by four brick chimneys. A lean-to addition is on the rear. It is located on the north corner of the intersection, just two buildings north of the Village Diner.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the building has much of an interior added in the early 19th century, such as its wooden doors, lath and plaster walls, chair rails and exposed ceiling beams. The central hallway has a curved wall to accommodate the staircase. There is evidence of the expansions that have taken place, such as bricked-over former fireplaces.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>There are four visible fireplaces on the ground floor. There is a fireplace in each of the two reception rooms, in the dining room, and in the kitchen which has a beehive oven.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Records of property ownership and improvements in 18th-century Red Hook are scant because most of the land in the village was leased from local landowner Henry Beekman. The village did not even incorporate until 1894, after a fire had destroyed many older buildings, further complicating historical research. The mid–18th-century construction date has been established instead by close examination of its architecture and the contemporaneous leasing of many surrounding properties.</p><br>
<p>For most of the 18th century Red Hook was just the inn and a few houses, serving travelers on the Albany Post Road (now Route 9), where it became a regular stop in 1785. It seems to have gone through several owners, and is first noted as Elmendorphs Inn on a 1797 map. By 1811 it was known as Loops Hotel, after owner Jacob Loop, whose deed for 12.5 acre is the first indication of ownership of the property.</p><br>
<p>The Red Hook Town Board met there for the first time in 1815, the first of many recorded meetings at the inn. The first Dutchess County Fair was held on the grounds. When Loop died in 1819, a George Ring bought the inn. He opened a store as well in 1820, but this effort failed so thoroughly that the entire property was sold at a sheriff&#39;s sale five years later. The buyer flipped it the same day to Peter DeReimer, who himself sold it to a Jacobus Eckhart in 1827.</p><br>
<p>Sometimes during the 1830s, the inn was expanded in both the north and south directions to its present size. The original gambrel roof was covered over to create its present gabled appearance. The interior was also refurbished in the Federal style; many of those improvements remain.</p><br>
<p>The next owner, David Wager, lived there for a while before buying the inn in 1835. Town Board meetings continued until 1842. Three years later Wager gave some of the land on the east end of the parcel to the local Methodist Episcopal Society for use as a cemetery. He sold the property to Augustus Martin, a state assemblyman and town supervisor, shortly before his death in 1854.</p><br>
<p>It was the Martin family who ended the buildings commercial use and converted it to a two-family residence. Edward Martin, a descendant, later operated a school in the building that, at least during the 1890s, had kindergarten classes. It remained in his familys hands until 1933. At that point the lot was subdivided and sold, with only the inn&#39;s half-acre (2,000 m) remaining. Heating and plumbing were added to the building during the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>In 1977 it had fallen into disrepair and was on the verge of being demolished. It was acquired by a group called Friends of Elmendorph, which renovated it to its present appearance over the next 12 years. A front porch that was on the building in 1978 when it was listed on the Register has since been removed, and shingled siding removed to reveal the original clapboard.</p><br>
<p>The building is now home to, a membership 501(c)(3) non-profit volunteer organization committed to collecting, preserving and promoting Red Hook&#39;s history. The group maintains the historic Elmendorph Inn as a community center, creating dynamic public programs and partnering with community organizations.</p><br>
<p>The Zimmerman Kame  is a glacial kame and archaeological site in McDonald Township, Hardin County, Ohio, United States, near the community of Roundhead. A circular hill approximately 20 ft in height, it was a commercial gravel pit for a time before being abandoned in the 1970s after artifacts of the ancient Glacial Kame culture of Native Americans were found at the site. Today, the kame is tree-covered and surrounded by farm fields; there are no obvious signs of its significance.</p><br>
<p>The Zimmerman Kame is one of many archaeological sites in Hardin County. A survey conducted in the early twentieth century revealed at least five different archaeological sites in McDonald Township and the adjacent Roundhead Township and a total of forty-four sites across the county. Many burial sites were located on top of hills such as the Zimmerman Kame. Among the most significant artifacts found at the Zimmerman Site were small objects of pottery; previous to the Zimmerman discovery, the Glacial Kame people were not known to have produced ceramics.</p><br>
<p>In 1974 the site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places because of its potential to yield more information about the Glacial Kame culture. It was the first such kame to be listed on the Register.</p><br>
<p>The George Jones Memorial Baptist Church, also known as the "Wheat Church," is a historic church building at the former site of the community of Wheat in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States. It is the only structure remaining from Wheat, a rural Roane County community that was dissolved in 1942 when the United States government assumed ownership of the land for the Manhattan Project.</p><br>
<p>Founded in 1854 as a United Baptist congregation by 26 members of the Sulphur Springs Church of Christ, it was established in Wheat in the northern part of Roane County. Originally named the "Mount Zion Baptist Church," it changed its name to "George Jones Memorial Baptist Church" in 1901, after a local minister who had donated most of the land for the community. In the same year, the congregation built a new building, which remains today.</p><br>
<p>The church is considered a good example of a rural vernacular church building. It is a three-bay, rectangular plan brick building with wood cladding, a square bell tower, and a standing-seam metal roof. There are two rooms in its interior, an anteroom and the sanctuary, separated from one another by a waist-high partition. A 1½ acre cemetery is located west of the church.</p><br>
<p>The George Jones church served not only as a religious facility, but also as a community gathering place for Wheat residents. When Wheat was vacated by the federal government in 1942 as part of the Manhattan Project, the George Jones Memorial Baptist Church was abandoned with the rest of the community. All other Wheat buildings have been demolished. As the only pre-1942 building remaining in what was once Wheat, the church is the location of annual reunions of former residents.</p><br>
<p>The church is east of the K-25 site and a short distance north of State Route 58, from which it is visible. It is located on the old Wheat Road, a gravel road (accessible from Blair Road (SR 327)) that follows the historical roadbed of a one-time local thoroughfare. Motorized travel on the road is limited to government vehicles, but the road is open to pedestrians and bicycles as a public greenway trail.</p><br>
<p>George Jones Memorial Baptist Church was one of six Oak Ridge properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. This listing reflects its significance as the only existing physical remnant of the Wheat community, a physical representation of rural life in the area in the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th century, and an example of vernacular church architecture.</p><br>
<p>Greenway Plantation is a wood-frame, -story plantation house in Charles City County, Virginia. Historic Route 5 and the Virginia Capital Trail bikeway, both of which connect Williamsburg and Richmond pass to slightly south of this private home. Located just west of the county seat Charles City Courthouse, Virginia, Greenway is one of Charles City&#39;s earliest and most distinctive Colonial plantations. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. Other Virginia historic sites built in the same era and with similar names are considerably west: Greenway Court, Virginia, built in 1747 and mostly demolished in the 1830s, now in Clarke County , and Greenway  a house built circa 1780 for Francis Madison, the brother of President James Madison.</p><br>
<h2>Physical description</h2><br>
<p>The plantation comprises approximately 1,100 acre and consists of several outbuildings in addition to the main house. The frame structures have beaded clapboard siding and wood-covered gable rooflines. The main structure is symmetrical in its front, southern facade and possesses the end chimneys so characteristic of southern Colonial structures. It has a unique T-shaped plan and the brick foundation walls are constructed mainly of Flemish bond, with the exception of a few areas where an English brick bond is possible evidence of additions.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Greenway was built circa 1776 by Judge John Tyler Sr., the father of President John Tyler. Future President Tyler was born here in 1790. When Judge Tyler died in 1813, John Tyler at the age of 23 inherited Greenway. He lived there until age 39 in 1829, when he sold the plantation and moved to nearby Sherwood Forest Plantation. Although its architecture has significance, the historical colonial and federal figures associated with the plantation are the most notable facts about it.</p><br>
<p>The plantation was home to as many as 16 enslaved individuals.</p><br>
<h2>Present use</h2><br>
<p>The plantation is privately owned and maintained. The structures have remained well-preserved over the years with little alteration; they have been measured, photographed, and drawn for preservation by the Historic American Buildings Survey of the Library of Congress.</p><br>
<p>St. Marys Catholic Church, also known as St. Mary of the Visitation Church, is a parish church of the Diocese of Davenport which is located in Iowa City, Iowa, United States. The church building and rectory were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. They were both included as contributing properties in the Jefferson Street Historic District in 2004. The parishs first rectory, which is now a private home, is also listed on the National Register as St. Mary&#39;s Rectory. It is located a few blocks to the east of the present church location at 610 E. Jefferson St.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first Mass in what is now Iowa City was celebrated by a frontier missionary, the Rev. Samuel Charles Mazzuchelli, OP, on December 20, 1840. It was attended by 28 people in a building that doubled as a private home and a hotel owned by Fred Haberstroh. The University of Iowa’s School of Business is currently on that location. The previous day, Mazzuchelli had arrived from St. Paul&#39;s Church in Burlington and bought two lots for $2,000 on which the church and rectory stand today.</p><br>
<p>St Marys parish was established by Mazzuchelli in 1841, and he designed a small frame building that would serve as a church. The cornerstone for the Greek Revival structure was laid on July 12, 1841, by Bishop Mathias Loras of Dubuque. The building, named St. Mary of the Assumption, was largely completed by 1842. Several priests, including the Rev. J.A.M. Pelamourgues from St. Anthonys in Davenport celebrated Mass in the new church. In 1844 the parish had grown to about 70 families and the Rev. Anthony Godfert was assigned the parish&#39;s first pastor.</p><br>
<p>A year later he established St. Joseph Cemetery to the northeast of the city. Godfert left the parish in 1846 and the parish was served by visiting clergy again for the next two years. Father Pelamourgues came again, as did J.G. Perodin, Joseph Cretin, and John Alleman. In 1848 the Rev. F.B. Poyet was named pastor and the parish has not been without a pastor since then. In the 1850s the parishs first choir was organized and a gallery was added to the interior of the church. When Hannon arrived in 1852, the foreign-born Catholic population in Iowa City was growing, especially the Germans and the Bohemians. In 1862 St. Francis Xavier Church was established for the pastoral care of Bohemian immigrants. That church burned to the ground in 1869 and the parishioners returned to St. Marys.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. William Emonds became the pastor in 1858. During his pastorate of 32 years saw the expansion of Catholic education and the building of the present church. He also served more than the Iowa City parish. He is credited with establishing 44 parishes, and he built churches in many of them.</p><br>
<p>Initially, Father Emonds extended the original church to the north for more space, but it became obvious a new church was needed. The cornerstone for the present church was laid on October 27, 1867. Hugh Gilles of Dubuque, Iowa and A. Groebel of Chicago were contracted to build the new church. The new building was built over the old church as the parish continued to worship there. When the new building&#39;s roof was completed the old structure was torn down. It took two years to build the church, although the tall spire would be completed at a later date. By the time it was dedicated the main altar, pews, pulpit, and stained glass windows were in place. The new church was dedicated by Bishop John Hennessey of Dubuque on August 15, 1869, as St. Mary of the Visitation Church. It was the first consecrated church in the Diocese of Dubuque. The construction costs of the new church were $75,000. The tower was completed in 1873 and the spire and cross were added in 1874. A 17-bell carillon was added to the tower in 1885.</p><br>
<p>St. Marys parish was divided when other parishes were established in Iowa City. St. Patricks was founded in 1872 and their church was built a few blocks south of St. Mary&#39;s in 1879. Another parish to serve the Bohemian community was established in 1891 when St. Wenceslaus was founded. St. Thomas More was founded in 1944 as the Newman Center before it became an independent parish.</p><br>
<p>The parish became a part of the Diocese of Davenport when it was established in 1881. The parish&#39;s rectory was moved four blocks to the east in 1891 by the Rev. John F. Kempker and the following year the present rectory was built during the pastorate of Msgr. A.J. Schulte, who would serve the parish for nearly 50 years. The rectory was designed to match the church, and was built for $8,000.</p><br>
<p>Renovations were done to the church building in 1908 under Msgr. Schulte. The work included sixteen buttresses to strengthen the building, a new cross and spire were built, a basement was dug below the church, and the church interior was redecorated. A local builder and parishioner J.J. Hotz did the buttressing. The church was once again redecorated for the parish centennial in 1941 during the pastorate of Msgr. Carl Meinberg. The present pews were added at that time. Liturgical changes were made after the Second Vatican Council during the pastorate of the Rev. John Morrissey. Changes included a new altar so the priest could face the congregation. Masses were now celebrated in English rather than Latin. Another renovation of the church occurred in the early 1980s under the leadership of the Rev. Henry Griener. The pipe organ was rebuilt in 1981. A parish hall was built in the basement of the church in 1982, and the church interior was redecorated in 1983. The church renovation included removal of the communion rail, new carpet, reconciliation rooms, altar, ambo and chairs. The tabernacle was moved from the high altar to a side altar. Another redecorating project occurred around 2000 by the Rev. Kenneth Kunz, which included moving the baptismal font near the front door and new carpeting.</p><br>
<p>The parish council was initiated by Father Morrissey in 1969. From 1971 to 1980, Father Morrissey and the Rev. Carlos Leveling served the parish as co-pastors. In 1986 the concept of sacrificial giving was introduced to the parish and it started the practice of tithing a percentage of the parish income. About the same time, the parish offices were moved out of the rectory to a house just east of the church. In 1988 the church tower was reconstructed. Another house was added to the parish offices and the two buildings were renovated for expanded office space by the Rev. Thomas Doyle in 1992. At the same time, the parish hired its first youth minister. Today, approximately 1,700 families belong to the parish.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The church was constructed of red brick on a stone foundation, and it has stone trim. The Romanesque Revival style is evoked by the use of the round arch for the entrance portals, the windows, and bell tower elements. Its form and verticality, however, are more prevalent of the Gothic Revival style. The side elevations are seven bays in length and are divided by buttresses that are flanked by flat brick pilasters. Each bay contains a stained glass window and a corbel table just below the eaves. The east side of the church building has two brick structures that cover side entrances into the basement. On the west side is a brick structure that covers a handicap entrance into the church itself. The main facade is dominated by a two-stage, central bell tower that is capped by an octagon-shaped spire. At the base of the tower is the main entrance into the church. The tower is flanked by narrower side entrances. The three entrance portals are framed by compound round arches that feature limestone keystones and impost blocks. Above the main entrance is two pairs of round arch windows, and above them is the bell chamber whose cornices are arched to accommodate a clock on each face of the tower. The building is capped by a gable roof with no exterior apse on the rear of the building.</p><br>
<p>The 65 by rectangular structure features a large open interior without columns. The arches of the vaulted ceiling rise from impost blocks that are set high on the walls. The tall wooden high altar created by Alert and Kloustie of Cincinnati features a painting of the Visitation, which is flanked by statues of Saint Patrick and Saint Boniface. Above the painting is a statue of Saint Anne with Mary as a child. On the lower level of the reredos are statues of the Four Evangelists. The small crucifix in the center is flanked by statues of angels holding grapes and wheat in reference to the elements of the Eucharist. The former altar frontal bears the images of the four great Western Church Fathers Saints Jerome, Augustine of Hippo, Ambrose, and Gregory the Great. They flank an image of the Lamb and the scroll with seven seals from the Book of Revelation. The altar of the Blessed Virgin Mary was installed in 1872. The main statue of Mary is flanked by statues of Saints Bernard of Clairvaux and Bonaventure. Below them are bas-reliefs of Old Testament Prophets Moses, David, Isaiah, and Ezekiel. The Saint Joseph altar was installed in 1900. The main statue of Joseph is flanked by statues of Saints Aloysius Gonzaga and Anthony of Padua. The Moline pipe organ, which is still in use, was installed in 1883 in the rear gallery. The Stations of the Cross are plaster bas-reliefs that were purchased by Father Emonds on one of his trips back to his native Germany. Along the side walls of the nave are statues of the Twelve Apostles.</p><br>
<p>The rectory is a 47 by wood-frame structure that is covered with brick veneer. The house is essentially a large box capped with a pointed hip roof. There are large gabled wall dormers that end in shoulder parapets on the east and south elevations. The main facade is asymmetrical and is dominated by a projecting window bay of the southeast corner and the large porch on the southwest corner. The porch features large semicircular brick arches that complement the church&#39;s Romanesque Revival style.</p><br>
<h2>St. Mary&#39;s School</h2><br>
<p>In 1844 Father Godfert started the parishs first school in the basement of the church with Miss Norma OConnor as the first teacher. The Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary arrived in Iowa City in 1860 to teach at St. Marys. They also opened St. Agathas Seminary, a school for girls, in 1861. In 1865 St. Joseph Institute, a school for advanced learning, was established by Father Emonds. It was taught by lay teachers and closed around 1890.</p><br>
<p>In 1892 the parish acquired property on the corner of Clinton and Jefferson Streets. The cornerstone for the new school was laid on September 11, 1892, on that location. The new school opened in 1893 with Franciscan Sisters teaching there until 1895, when the Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary again started teaching in the school. In 1897 high school grades were added to the school, and it was the first Catholic high school in Iowa to be accredited by the State University of Iowa. In 1911 an addition was built onto the school, which contained an auditorium and cafeteria. A convent was also built to house the sisters. It was replaced by the current building, now a part of the Newman Center, in 1926. The new convent was built for $33,000. St. Marys and St. Patricks high schools were consolidated in 1958 when Regina High School was opened. The St. Marys School building started to deteriorate, and it was closed in 1968. The school itself consolidated with the school at St. Patricks and used its building. The sisters remained in the St. Marys Convent. In 1975 the St. Marys school buildings and convent were sold to the diocese for use by the Newman Center. In the early 1990s, an addition was made to Regina High School and the elementary and junior high school grades were moved from St. Patrick&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>The school building had been listed on the National Register of Historic Places as St. Mary&#39;s High School in 1977. It was removed in 1997 after the buildings had been torn down.</p><br>
<h2>Pipe organ</h2><br>
<p>The Moline pipe organ (1883) is located in a gallery-level case at the back of the church. It features a traditional style console with a keyboard cover that can be lifted to become the music rack and an attached keydesk en fenêtre. It is equipped with three manuals, 31 stops, 30 ranks, slider chests, mechanical key action, and mechanical stop action. The drawknobs are arranged in horizontal rows on terraced/stepped jambs. The balanced swell shoes/pedals are not in standard AGO position. The combination action is a fixed mechanical system and there is a flat straight pedalboard. The historic pipe organ was restored in 2015.</p><br>
<p>Stoplist:</p><br>
<p>GREAT 58</p><br>
<p>16&#39; Double Open Diapason TC 46m</p><br>
<p>16&#39; Contra Bass 12m</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Open Diapason 58m</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Viol di Gamba 58m</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Hohl Flute 58w</p><br>
<p>4&#39; Principal 58m</p><br>
<p>4&#39; Flute Harmonic 58m</p><br>
<p>2.2/3&#39; Twelfth 58m</p><br>
<p>2&#39; Fifteenth 58m</p><br>
<p>IV Rks. Mixture 232m</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Trumpet 58m</p><br>
<p>SWELL 58 enclosed</p><br>
<p>16&#39; Lieblich Gedact TC 46w</p><br>
<p>16&#39; Lieblich Bourdon 12w</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Open Diapason 58m</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Salicional 58m</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Quintadena 58m</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Stopped Diapason 58w&m</p><br>
<p>4&#39; Fugara 58m</p><br>
<p>4&#39; Flauto Traverso 58w&m</p><br>
<p>2&#39; Flautino 58m</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Oboe (BB) 47m</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Bassoon (CC-AA#) 11m</p><br>
<p>Tremolo</p><br>
<p>CHOIR 58 unenclosed</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Dulciana 58m</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Keraulophon (1-7 from Melodia) 51m</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Melodia 58w</p><br>
<p>4 Flute d Amour 58w&m</p><br>
<p>2&#39; Flageolet 58m</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Clarionette TC 46m</p><br>
<p>PEDALE 27</p><br>
<p>16&#39; Grand Open Diapason 27w</p><br>
<p>16&#39; Sub Bass 27w</p><br>
<p>8&#39; Bass Flute ext., 12w</p><br>
<p>Pedale Check</p><br>
<p>COUPLERS</p><br>
<p>Swell to Great</p><br>
<p>Choir to Great</p><br>
<p>Swell to Choir</p><br>
<p>Swell to Pedale</p><br>
<p>Great to Pedale</p><br>
<p>Choir to Pedale</p><br>
<p>COMPOSITION PEDALS</p><br>
<p>Piano to Great</p><br>
<p>Mezzo to Great</p><br>
<p>Forte to Great</p><br>
<p>Swell Mezzo (original label missing)</p><br>
<p>Forte to Swell</p><br>
<p>Great to Pedale (reversible)</p><br>
<p>Noel Owen Neal House, also known as Grace Fisher House, built in 1840, is a historic squared-log dogtrot house in Washington, Arkansas. Originally located at 184 Blue Bayou Road South in Nashville, Arkansas, it had been listed National Register of Historic Places. The Historic Preservation Alliance of Arkansas listed it as one of its Most Endangered Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The house was removed from the National Register on January 26, 2006. This followed its relocation to Washington and the replacement of its roof, porches, and chimneys during restoration.</p><br>
<p>The Old Stone House Museum & Historic Village is a museum run by the Orleans County Historical Society in Brownington, Vermont. The Old Stone House at the heart of the village is a part of the Brownington Village Historic District, a district of ten historic buildings added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Old Stone House, or Athenian Hall, was built in 1836 by Alexander Twilight, the nation&#39;s first African-American college graduate. Twilight was the minister of the Brownington Congregational Church and the principal of the Orleans County Grammar School.</p><br>
<p>The Orleans County Grammar School was the only high school in the county which required many students to travel long distances for their education. They boarded with families in town, including Twilight&#39;s. Athenian Hall was built to accommodate the larger number of students attending the Grammar School.</p><br>
<p>Twilight pressed his board of trustees for a larger building but failed to receive support from the majority. He alienated many of the trustees by his adamancy, and the building was left completely to Twilight. In 1834, he laid out a foundation plan for land donated by Cyrus Eaton across the road from his house. It called for a four-story granite building measuring 26 by. Over the following two years the present stone house was erected following the lines and general appearance of a similar building, quite possibly Painter Hall at Middlebury College; however, detailed information is not available on how the granite structure was built.</p><br>
<p>Twilight began building in 1834 and finished two years later. From 1836 to 1859, the building was used as a dormitory for school children, boys and girls. Due to diminishing school enrollment Athenian Hall was closed for good in 1859. For a brief time Mercy Ladd Merrill Twilight continued to live there with a few boarders. She then continued alone until she moved to Derby in 1865. When she died in 1878 she was buried next to her husband in Brownington.</p><br>
<p>The building stayed vacant until in 1918 when the Stone House was put up for auction. A representative of the railroad in the state of Vermont bid on the structure with the hopes of using the granite stones for bridge abutments. The Orleans County Historical Society bid at the price of $500 (the equivalent of $ in current dollars) and won the auction. The building was opened as a museum in 1925. The attached barn was torn down in the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The building has four floors with twenty-two rooms of exhibits. It is dedicated to the history of the last two centuries in Orleans County, Vermont, and to the life of Alexander Twilight, the first African-American college graduate in the USA and state legislator.</p><br>
<p>The Rose Hill Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Sioux City, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The district is located within the larger Rose Hill Addition, which was laid out by a group of Sioux City entrepreneurs in 1884. It includes many mansions built for the wealthy from about 1890 to 1910, most of which were later divided into apartments. The Elzy G. Burkam House  and adjacent garage are contributing properties. It also included a 125-year-old house at 1529 Grandview Boulevard which was demolished in 2015 after a long controversy about historic preservation.</p><br>
<p>The Franklin Township Hall, also referred to historically as the "Town Hall", is a town hall located in Kent, Ohio, United States, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The building, located along Gougler Avenue in central Kent near the Cuyahoga River, was built in 1837 and has served as the seat of government for Franklin Township since 1840. It is best known for being the location where James A. Garfield was nominated for his first political office in 1859.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was built in 1837 as an office for the Franklin Silk Company, which had been started on the belief that Kent (then known as Franklin Mills) would become a manufacturing center for the silk industry. This proved incorrect and the Panic of 1837 combined with northeast Ohio&#39;s unfavorable climate for silkworms led to the business failing. Franklin Township then purchased the building and finished it in 1840 to serve as the home of the township government.</p><br>
<h3>James A. Garfield</h3><br>
<p>On August 23, 1859, the hall was the site of a local Republican Party convention to nominate a state senator. The meeting produced a deadlock, and so to break it, James A. Garfield, who had not held any political office up to that point, was nominated. Garfield would go on to win the election as the state senator for an area which included Portage and Summit counties.</p><br>
<h3>Other uses</h3><br>
<p>Franklin Township Hall would serve as home to several schools in Kents history, including a small private school beginning in 1857 prior to the establishment of a public school system. In the fall of 1868 through March 1869 the building was the first home of Kent High School due to construction delays on the new Union school building one block west. The second floor was later used as a school, known as "Riverview School" or "River Street School", for fifth and sixth graders during the late 1910s due to overcrowding at the other Kent public schools. From 1953 to 1978 the building was the location of the offices for the Kent City School District. During that time, the building was heavily damaged by a fire in 1971 which caused US$20,000 in damage. The hall also served as a meeting place for some of Kents religious bodies including early meetings of the local Roman Catholic parish from 1862 to 1868 and the Universalist Church from 1866 to 1868. It was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on October 10, 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Singer Building in Pasadena, California is a Spanish Colonial Revival building located at 520 E. Colorado Boulevard in Pasadena, California. Built in 1926, the building was designed by Everett Phipps Babcock and is his only surviving non-residential design. The Spanish Colonial Revival design of the building was popular in Pasadena in the 1920s. Prominent features of the building&#39;s design include a red tile roof, a stone frieze with a tiled pattern, and piers with decorative moldings. The building originally housed a Singer Sewing Machine Company showroom and has since been used for other commercial purposes.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 16, 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Edmund Blinn House is located in Pasadena, Los Angeles County, California. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Blinn House was designed in the Prairie School style by architect George Washington Maher, a follower of Louis H. Sullivan and a contemporary of Frank Lloyd Wright. The house was built in 1905, with an American Craftsman style attention to aesthetic integration.</p><br>
<h2>Women&#39;s City Club</h2><br>
<p>After it dissolved the previous year and after nearly 76 years in the house, the Women&#39;s City Club of Pasadena in 1921 gifted The Edmund Blinn House to Pasadena Heritage, who maintains its headquarters in the building.</p><br>
<p>The Dearing House is a historic house on the west side of Arkansas Highway 122, between 7th and 8th Streets, in Newark, Arkansas. It is a -story wood-frame structure, with an L-shaped cross-gable configuration, and clapboard siding. It has several porches decorated with Victorian woodwork and turned posts. The first floor of this house was built about 1890 in the community of Akron, about 5 mi from its present location. It was moved by its builder, Thomas Dearing, to Newark in 1901, and the second story was added in 1914.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Old High Middle School is a public middle school in Bentonville, Arkansas, part of the Bentonville Public Schools. Its building was once home to Bentonville High School. It was designed by John Parks Almand. It combines Spanish Colonial, Mission, and Mediterranean styles. Construction costs during building in 1928 were $25,000.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 as Bentonville High School. Its current principal is Leslie Lyons and vice-principal is Jason Brunner. It is located in the range of Bentonville Public Schools and in 2022–2023 school year principal Leslie Lyons won the AAMS award for Arkansas middle-level school principal of the year. Also in that year Ms. Julie Turners Class raised 3,000 U.S Dollars to a fund titles "Knights 4 K9s" and were recognized on KNWA&#39;S Doing Good Segment in May of 2023.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The main structure was built in 1928. After years of serving as an elementary and high school campus, Old High Middle School was established in 1990. 1990-1991 also brought about renovations to the auditorium as well. The Bentonville/Bella Vista Rotary Club worked with the community to renovate the original structure with one-third of the money raised sourced from a concert by New Kids on the Block. In May 2015, Old High Middle School&#39;s auditorium was chosen as one of the venues for the Bentonville Film Festival. It was later concluded that the popularity of the film festival demanded a larger venue, and in May 2016, Old High hosted the successful Bentonville Film Festival, which included actress Geena Davis.</p><br>
<h2>Academics</h2><br>
<p>More than 600 students in classes five and six are enrolled at Old High Middle School. The schools stated vision is "A community that fosters and develops healthy life long learners, innovators, and problem solvers that contribute to their community". Old High is organized by into which students are placed. Leslie Lyons is currently the schools Principal. Jason Brunner is the Assistant Principal and was selected as the Arkansas Assistant Principal of the Year for 2013-2014 by the.</p><br>
<p>Communities zoned to Old High Middle include: sections of northwest Bentonville, much of Bella Vista, and a small section of Gravette.</p><br>
<p>The Miller Homestead is a historic house on Benton County Route 64  in Pea Ridge, Arkansas. It is a -story wood-frame structure, with the asymmetrical massing and wraparound porch characteristic of Late Victorian houses. It was built c. 1907, and is a relatively sophisticated architectural expression for its rural setting. The property also includes a c. 1890 stone smokehouse.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Liberty Tower is a high-rise office building in Dayton, Ohio, United States. The 295 ft tower was designed by the Dayton architectural firm of Schenck & Williams. The tower is named Liberty Tower after. Currently, the building hosts a branch of First Financial Bank, this company having bought out a number of Liberty Savings Bank locations.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Liberty Tower, previously known as Mutual Home Savings Association Building, was the tallest building in Dayton from 1931 to 1969. At one point it was the property of the owners of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway — the Hulman Family of Terre Haute, Indiana. In 1982 Liberty Tower became listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Walls House, known also as the McCrary House, is a historic house at 406 Jefferson Street in Lonoke, Arkansas. It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a side-gable roof and weatherboard siding. Its Colonial Revival styling includes a projecting front portico, with paired Tuscan columns supporting an entablature and balustraded balcony, above which rises a large gabled dormer with exposed rafter ends. The house was built in 1913 to a design by Charles L. Thompson.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The James Williams House is a historic home and farm complex in Kenton, Kent County, Delaware. The house was built in 1848 and is a two-story, five-bay, center-hall plan brick dwelling with Greek Revival details. It has a rear wing. The front facade features a three-bay porch with chamfered posts and sawn decorative brackets dated to the 1880s. Also on the property are a contributing barn, granary, and outhouse.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>First Trust Building and Garage, also known as Lloyds Bank, is a historic 1927 building located on Colorado Boulevard in Pasadena, California. The building was designed by Cyril Bennett and Fitch Haskell; its design incorporates the Mediterranean Revival, Renaissance Revival, and Beaux-Arts styles. The design features decorative exterior stonework, a red tile hip roof topped with a cupola, and a frieze and balustrade on the south facade. The buildings interior is decorated with murals depicting scenes from around Pasadena. Caltech professor R. R. Martel designed the building&#39;s earthquake-proof support system, which uses steel beams and girders with reinforcing concrete; the system was considered an important advancement in earthquake-proof construction and became a standard form of construction.</p><br>
<p>The First Trust Building and Garage was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Washington Avenue Historic District is the historic center of Cedarburg, Wisconsin, the location of the early industry and commerce that was key to the community&#39;s development. The historic district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The district has 80 contributing buildings and one contributing structure in a 28 acre area. Many of the buildings in this district that were built between the 1840s and the early 1900s were built out of locally mined limestone and fieldstone. Of these buildings, many are in vernacular style, but three other architectural styles are represented: Greek Revival, Italianate, and Queen Anne.</p><br>
<p>The district includes the Hilgen and Wittenberg Woolen Mills and Cedarburg Mill, which are listed separately on the NRHP.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>In 1842 Ludwig Groth bought land that would become the village of Cedarburg and in 1844 platted the village. Fredrick Hilgen arrived after 1845nrhpinventory1985doc</p><br>
<p>and built a gristmill on Cedar Creek. Over the years, and with business partners, Hilgen also started a sawmill, a planing factory, and a woolen mill. In 1870 the Milwaukee and Northern Railway arrived, opening up new markets. In 1885 the city of Cedarburg incorporated.</p><br>
<h2>Some Pivotal Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The Hilgen and Wittenberg Woolen Mill and the Cedarburg Mill are separately entered in the NRHP. These are also considered "pivotal" by the NRHP nomination:</p><br>
<p>The Cedarburg Brewery Complex at W62 N714-730 Riveredge Drive was begun in the 1840s, making it one of the oldest breweries in southeast Wisconsin. The main brewery was built in 1847-48 of locally quarried limestone. The Greek Revival-styled Brewmaster&#39;s House also has limestone walls, 18 inches thick and covered with Cream City bricks. The brewery stables and two-story smokehouse also remain. The complex is also known as the Weber family brewery and the Engels and Schaefer brewery.</p><br>
<p>The ca. 1849 Kuhefuss/Fischer house is one of the oldest houses in Cedarburg. Built in 1849 by George Fisher, the house originally had only two rooms and was made of wood. In 1854, Edward Blank acquired the property. In 1864, he built a limestone addition to the southern part of the house, and his descendants added the front porch. Five generations of the Blank family lived in the house before a member of the Blank family, Mrs. Kuehfuss, donated to the Cedarburg Cultural Center in 1989. The house was remodeled and became a museum in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The ca. 1853 Jurgen Schroeder Residence at W62 N589 Washington Ave is a two-story Cream City brick house, in style rather restrained except for the front porch. The porch has chamfered posts, scroll-sawn ornamentation, and cast iron cresting above.</p><br>
<p>The 1853 William H. Schroeder Residence at W62 N560-562 Washington Ave is a two-story brick-clad building in Greek Revival style, with matching additions from 1939 and 1965.</p><br>
<p>The 1853 Stagecoach Inn at W61 N520 Washington Ave is now a bed and breakfast located in the Washington Avenue Historic District. It was built by Henry C. Nero as a stage coach stop on the road between Milwaukee, Wisconsin and Green Bay, Wisconsin. The inn was built in vernacular style from locally quarried limestone. When it was first built, the inn housed a pub and guest rooms and had a stable and blacksmith shop next to it. The inn was restored in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Horneffer Residence/German Free School at W62 N593-595 Washington Ave was originally the home of Colonel Horneffer, who founded the Washington House in 1846. In 1854 he opened the German Free School in his home. The building is loosely Greek Revival style, with walls of rough-cut limestone framed by dressed stone pilasters and lintels.</p><br>
<p>The ca. 1860 Stone House Gifts building at W63 N684-686 Washington Ave is Italianate-styled, with walls of laid stone with dressed corner quoins. It was originally built as a residence, but has since been converted to a shop.</p><br>
<p>The D. Wittenberg Residence at W64 N707 Washington Ave is a two-story Italianate house built in 1864. Wittenberg was a German immigrant and the president of Cedarburg Woolen Mill.</p><br>
<p>The Hendschel and Jochem Building at W62 N575-579 Washington Ave is a two-story building constructed of rough cut stone about 1865. The roof has paired gables, with paired brackets and cornice returns, with a lunette in each gable. Houses Chocolate Factory, as of 2017.</p><br>
<p>St. Francis Borgia Catholic Church at N45 W6105 Hamilton Rd is a Romanesque Revival-styled church built of locally quarried limestone in 1870 by the largely Irish Catholic parish.</p><br>
<p>Hoehn Furniture Store and Residence at W62 N582 Washington Ave is a two-story cream brick building built in 1870 in Italianate style, with returned cornices and an elliptical window in the gable end. After housing the furniture store, it became the Farmer and Merchants Bank.</p><br>
<p>H. Groths Hardware at W63 N696 Washington Ave is a two-story building with a hip roof. Constructed in 1873 with walls of coursed limestone and Italianate decoration, it initially housed Groths a hardware store. In 1880 John Bruss opened a dry goods and grocery store in part of the building.</p><br>
<p>Lehmann Bros. Hardware Store at W62 N588A Washington Ave is a three-story Italianate-style limestone-clad commercial building erected in 1874 by C. W. and Julius Lehmann, with cast-iron Corinthian columns and a triangular pediment. The first story housed a hardware store and workshop, the second floor a residence, and the third a meeting hall.</p><br>
<p>Hoffmann&#39;s Meat Market at W62 N601 Washington Ave is a two-story stone and brick store with hip roof built in 1875. It resembles the Groth building, built two years before. The Hoffmans operated the meat market for a century.</p><br>
<p>Immanuel Evangelical Lutheran Church at W61 N498 Washington Ave is a Gothic Revival-styled church built of local limestone in 1882. The steeple tower is buttressed, with a rose window and a 3000-pound bell.</p><br>
<p>The Kuhefuss Union House Hotel at W62 N557 Washington Ave was built in 1883 in Italianate style, with arched windows and a corbelled cornice.</p><br>
<p>The Conrad Weisler Hotel at W61 N491-493 Washington Ave is an 1885 three-story Queen Anne-styled building with cream brick on the first two stories and the third story clad in shingles. The second floor has an Oriel window.</p><br>
<p>The William Schroeder Residence at W62 N591 Washington Ave is a Queen Anne-style house built in 1885. The exterior is covered with different textures of clapboard and wood shingles; other elements include the unusual decoration of the gable and the ogee arch entry to the porch.</p><br>
<p>The Washington House Inn at W62 N571-573 Washington Ave is now a 34-room bed and breakfast.</p><br>
<p>The Leopold E Jochem House at W63 N675 Washington Ave is a full Queen Anne design built in 1891. It has a two-story bay window, a corner tower, and decorative shingles in the gable. The rounded porch is more classically styled, with fluted columns and denticulated cornice. Leopold operated a general store.</p><br>
<p>Lincoln Public School at W63 N643 Washington Ave is a four-story Richardsonian Romanesque building designed by William Hilgen of Cedarburg and built in 1894. It has a five-story tower and frame bargeboards on the gable ends. As of 2017, the building housed the Cedarburg Senior Center.</p><br>
<p>The John Nieman Residence at W61 N469 Washington Ave is a three-story red brick home built in 1907 in Queen Anne style, with matching garage.</p><br>
<p>The Cedarburg Fire Station, City Hall, Jail at W61 N619-623 Washington Ave was built in 1908 of Cream City brick. Most striking is its five-story hose-drying tower.</p><br>
<p>The Cedarburg High School at W63 N645 Washington Ave is another school designed by William Hilgen and clad in rock-faced limestone. Built in 1908, it has more classical stylings than the Lincoln School mentioned above, with pilasters, modillions, arches, and Diocletian windows. The building houses the city hall.</p><br>
<p>John Armbruster Jewelry Store at W62 N620 Washington Ave is a two-story store built in 1908 and clad in terra cotta tile, with two shallow Oriel windows on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>Cedarburg State Bank at W62 N570 Washington Ave is a Romanesque Revival-styled limestone-clad bank built in 1908 by mason John Vollmar and builder Albert Knuppel. This was the first building in Cedarburg built specifically to house a bank.</p><br>
<p>Advent Lutheran Church at W63 N642 Washington Ave is a Romanesque Revival-styled church designed by William Hilgen and built in 1909. This was the first English-language Lutheran congregation in the mostly German community.</p><br>
<p>Wadham&#39;s Filling Station at N58 W6189 Columbia Rd is a small gas station built in 1926. The design, based on a prototype by Milwaukee architect Alexander Eschweiler, suggests a Japanese pagoda.</p><br>
<h2>Lincoln and Washington Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The Lincoln and Washington buildings were built to be used as public schools. The Lincoln building, constructed in 1894, was originally intended to serve grades one through twelve, but as a result of the growing population of Cedarburg, a high school was built not far from the Lincoln Building. This building, named the Washington Building, was constructed in 1908. The Lincoln Building then only served first through eighth graders. Later the first though fifth graders were moved to the Hacker Building, just west and south along the school campus playground. In 1956, when the high school, was moved to its current location, and grades four and five occupied the Washington Building, with grades six through eight housed in the Lincoln Building. The grade school complex included a red brick gymnasium facing on Washington Ave. Eventually a new elementary school was built, the Westlawn Elementary School. The middle school, serving sixth and seventh graders, took over the Washington and Hacker buildings and still controlled the Lincoln building and the gymnasium. Sixth graders were taught in the Hacker building. The seventh grade was divided into two groups. One group went to the Lincoln Building, the other to the Washington building. Students at both schools shared the gymnasium. In 1973, the middle school was moved to Webster Transitional School. The Lincoln and Washington buildings were renovated in 1987. The Washington building is now the Cedarburg City Hall and the Lincoln building is now the Cedarburg Senior Center. The Hacker building is now an apartment complex.</p><br>
<p>The Jefferson County Courthouse in Beaumont, Texas is one of the tallest courthouses in the state, and is an excellent example of Art Deco architecture. Built in 1931, it is the fourth courthouse built in Jefferson County. It was designed by Fred Stone and Augustin Babin, and is thirteen stories high. In 1981, an annex was added to the west side of the courthouse.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building has retained nearly all of its originality over the years, including its marble interior, but in 1981 an annex was added to the west side to increase space. The annex connects to the original courthouse through the basement, first, and second floors. The only public entrance is through the annex due to recent security upgrades.</p><br>
<p>Floors eight through thirteen of the courthouse once served as the county jail, one can tell by the barred windows. Today the space is used for storage.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>A $22 million restoration project is currently underway. Phase one was completed in May 2009 when the copper roof from the 1940s was replaced with a multicolored tile roof, similar to the original. Phase two began August 2010, and will clean and restore granite and windows from the fifth to 13th floor.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>Mequon Town Hall and Fire Station Complex is an Art Deco building complex in Mequon, Wisconsin, United States, that was built in 1937 as a Works Progress Administration project. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Built as a town hall in 1937, the building functioned as the city hall when Mequon incorporated in 1957. The fire department moved in the 1980s to the nearby Mequon Safety Building on at the intersection of Mequon Road and Buntrock Avenue. An additional fire station was also built on Port Washington Road, north of Mequon Road.</p><br>
<p>The Pioneer House is a historic house on Hospital Drive in Clarksville, Arkansas. It is a -story structure, partly built of logs and partly of wood framing, covered by a gabled roof and weatherboard siding. The eastern portion is built out of logs joined by dovetailed notches. A 1982 dendrochonological study of the logs used estimated the structure was likely originally built in 1850 and the style and methods used suggested the builders were of European descent. It is one of the oldest surviving buildings in the Clarksville and Johnson County region.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Dollarway Road is a historic road in Jefferson County, Arkansas, that was built in 1914. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The nation began to focus on good roads at the start of the 20th century. Arkansas didn&#39;t establish a state highway system until 1923. Before that, building and maintaining good roads was the responsibility of local road districts, which consisted of area farmers and residents without central leadership and in many cases engineering experience. One district, Jefferson County Road Improvement District No. 4, decided to construct a concrete road from Pine Bluff, Arkansas, north to the Pine Bluff – Little Rock wagon road at the Jefferson County line.</p><br>
<h2>Dollarway pavement</h2><br>
<p>The roadway was paved in 9 ft wide concrete slabs, poured in a 1-2½-5 mixture. The concrete was topped with a layer of coal tar about 1/16 inch thick. At the edges were 45 degree slopes, which means only 8.5 ft of the width was level, with the slopes acting as curbs. Further out from the center was 18 in of gravel and 3 ft of earthwork. The gravel shoulder allowed vehicles to continue on the road without stopping for oncoming traffic, which was common at the time.</p><br>
<p>During the construction of the Toronto-Hamilton Highway, a steam shovel was used to remove two miles of Dollarway pavement. The Ann Arbor City Engineer wrote in 1917 about the durability of Dollarway construction. As I said before, after the completion of the first pavement, the people were very enthusiastic about this type of pavement. It continued to grow in favor in 1910 and 1911; then the tide commenced slowly to turn. It became evident to all that it was necessary to recarpet the concrete every two or three years, in some cases, varying with traffic conditions, even every year. Those who owned automobiles did not like the throwing up of the tar and sand on the under side of the fenders. In some places, where the carpeting peeled off. the concrete commenced to ravel, and sections, varying in size, had to be cut out and replaced with better material. It was then realized that reducing the first cost to a minimum had caused a heavy burden of maintenance and repair. These pavements must be kept carpeted to preserve the concrete underneath as long as possible.</p><br>
<p>Tradition holds that the road was called Dollarway because it cost one dollar per linear foot to construct. The final cost was closer to $1.36 per foot. In July 1913, Little Rock, Arkansas contractors Shelby & Bateman were chosen to construct the approximately 23-mile road. Construction began in November 1913, and the road was finished in October 1914. The Dollarway Road was the longest continuous concrete pavement in the United States when complete.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The original 1974 National Register listing boundary placed the Dollarway within a park near Redfield. In 1999 the listing was enlarged to add a portion of the Dollarway still used today as Reynolds Road. This segment also contains two original Dollarway concrete bridges.</p><br>
<p>The Brandon-Bell-Collier House is a house in Fulton, Callaway County, Missouri, in the state of Missouri in the central United States. It was built in stages between about 1862 and 1917. From 1900 to 1902, it was owned by Fulton architect Morris Frederick Bell, who undertook a major remodelling, expanding the house to two stories and incorporating elements of the Queen Anne and Colonial Revival architectural styles.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. It is located in the Court Street Historic Residential District.</p><br>
<p>The Dunlap House is a historic house at 101 Grandview Avenue in Clarksville, Arkansas. It is a two-story wood frame American Foursquare structure, set on a tall stone foundation on a highly visible lot near the city center. Its porch, uncharacteristic for the Foursquare style, extends only across half the front, and curves around to the left side; it is supported by Tuscan columns. The house was built about 1910 to a design by noted Arkansas architect Charles L. Thompson.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Lusk Water Tower was built in 1886 to provide water for steam locomotives on the former Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley Railroad, at Lusk, Wyoming. Lusk itself was built by the railroad at the same time. The tank was originally located in the middle of Lusk near the railroad depot and was moved in 1919 to the present site on the east edge of town, adjacent to what became the Chicago and North Western Transportation Company line now owned by Union Pacific.</p><br>
<p>The wooden tower is round, with a diameter of about 25 ft. The tank is about 25 ft high on a 25 ft base. The structure is believed to be composed of Douglas fir, while the tank itself is redwood. It is the only surviving structure of its kind in Wyoming.</p><br>
<p>The water tower was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The University–Cultural Center MRA  is a pair of multiple property submissions to the National Register of Historic Places which were approved on April 29 and May 1, 1986. The structures included are all located in Midtown, near Woodward Avenue and Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. The two submissions are designated the University–Cultural Center MRA Phase I, containing five properties, and the University–Cultural Center MRA Phase II, containing three properties.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From the middle of the 19th century until the 1920s, the area that is now the University–Cultural Center was characterized by upper-class single-family homes. After the Civil War, the city of Detroit platted and sold lots along Woodward to private developers. Houses first appeared along Woodward in the 1860s, and construction in the area reached a peak in the 1880s and 1890s as developments off Woodward, first to the east and then to the west, were platted. Construction east of Second Avenue did not reach full swing until the early 1900s.</p><br>
<p>At the end of the 19th century, Central High School (now Old Main) was constructed on Cass and Warren. The building acted as a magnet, attracting other institutions that were educational and artistic in function, culminating in the erection of the Detroit Institute of Arts and the Detroit Public Library along Woodward Avenue in the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The rise of the automobile in the 1910s and 1920s had a twofold effect on the University–Cultural Center area. The prosperous automotive trade increased the population of Detroit by nearly a factor of four between 1900 and 1920. This pushed the city limits far to the north, making what once had been a suburban, open area into the heart of the city. The University–Cultural Center area also became home to automotive-related commercial and industrial businesses, particularly along Woodward and Cass.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1920s, large apartment buildings with first-floor commercial space were constructed in the area, bringing more residents into the area and reducing the pressure for store frontage. The remaining mansions were repurposed as boardinghouses or commercial space.</p><br>
<p>Cultural and educational institutions were being developed in the area at around the same time, beginning with the previously mentioned Detroit Institute of Arts and the Detroit Public Library. At the same time, Wayne State University, then housed in the former Central High School, began offering four-year degrees. These institutions formed a core area that attracted other public-oriented institutions, including several music schools, the Merrill-Palmer Institute, the Detroit Historical Museum, College for Creative Studies, and other institutions created campuses in the area.</p><br>
<p>In particular, Wayne State University has been continuously expanding since its inception as a four-year degree granting institution in the 1930s. The university first expanded out of its Old Main home in 1933, and four years later was utilizing over a dozen former residences in the vicinity. In the 1940s, the university obtained land in the surrounding blocks through emininent domain. Further increases in enrollment and the availability of Federal funds in the 1960s allowed the university to extend its campus south and west.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Because of its history, the structures within the University–Cultural Center come in four distinct types: the public-oriented buildings, commercial and industrial establishments, single-family homes, and large multi-unit apartment complexes.</p><br>
<p>The public-oriented buildings are most noticeable in the heart of the cultural complex, with the Detroit Institute of Arts and the Detroit Public Library, as well as other surrounding museums and cultural institutions. Wayne State University also sports a swath of public buildings on the west side of the area, many built in the 1950s and 1960s. In addition, a number of churches dot the area, including the Cathedral Church of St. Paul and the First Congregational Church.</p><br>
<p>The primary location of commercial buildings is along the Woodward and Cass corridors. Although the commercial activity is reduced from what it was in the heyday of the area, it still continues, particularly in service of students at Wayne State. Farther north in the area are sites which were originally primarily industrial, now grouped in the New Amsterdam Historic District and the Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The housing stock in the area is substantially constructed before 1914. Of these, the original single- family homes have been substantially demolished to make way for the waves of redevelopment as multi-unit structures, commercial structures, and cultural and educational-related structures were erected. Some pockets of single-family homes remain, notably in the eastern section with the East Ferry Avenue Historic District, the homes near Dunbar Hospital, and just south of the University–Cultural Center (but within Midtown), Brush Park. In the west, the West Canfield Historic District stands as the single contiguous block of early homes in the area. Other single-family homes exist individually.</p><br>
<p>Many of the earlier homes were replaced by multi-unit apartment structures. Early, smaller apartment buildings predominate in the area, particularly along Second Avenue. These units are typically four to five stories in height and were built in the mid-1910s and early 1920s. Later large apartment buildings, typically nine to thirteen stories in height, were built during the housing boom of the 1920s; this typology includes The Wardell (now The Park Shelton) and the Belcrest.</p><br>
<p>Many of the structures within the University–Cultural Center area were designed by well-known architects, including Albert Kahn, Cass Gilbert, Louis Kamper, Gordon W. Lloyd, Donaldson and Meier, and Ralph Adams Cram. Architectural styles of the buildings in the area representsd the range of styles current at the time of construction. Early single-family homes show Second Empire, Romanesque Revival, and particularly Queen Anne stylings. Later residences were built in the Colonial Revival and Federal Revival styles. Great public buildings such as the DIA and the library were built in the Italian Renaissance with Beaux-Arts influences.</p><br>
<h3>Phases I and II</h3><br>
<p>At the time of the original submission, the area continued within the University–Cultural Center had numerous structures and historic districts already listed on the National Register of Historic Places. These included structures built as private homes (the David Mackenzie House, Col. Frank J. Hecker House, and David Whitney House), public-oriented structures (the Hilberry Theatre, Scarab Club, Orchestra Hall, Detroit Institute of Arts, Rackham Building, Detroit Public Library, and Old Main), large apartment and commercial buildings (the Belcrest and Maccabees Building) and two historic districts (the East Ferry Avenue Historic District and the West Canfield Historic District).</p><br>
<p>When researching structures within the University–Cultural Center, the decision was made by the group nominating the structures to concentrate on two specific areas. For Phase I, the area bounded by Woodward Avenue on the east, Second Avenue on the west, Warren Avenue on the south, and the Ford Freeway on the north was targeted. For Phase II, the area on the campus of Wayne State University and bounded by Second avenue on the east and the Lodge Freeway on the west was targeted.</p><br>
<p>These structures represent each faced of the mixed-use history of the University–Cultural Center, from the original upper-class single-family homes (the Herman Strasburg House, the Thomas S. Sprague House, and the Samuel L. Smith House), to the later apartments, both small (Verona Apartments) and large (the Chatsworth Apartments and Santa Fe Apartments), to commercial establishments (Cass Motor Sales) and public-oriented institutions (Saint Andrew&#39;s Memorial Episcopal Church). Many of these structures have been repurposed as the character of the area changes and different types of space a re required.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The University–Cultural Center is a section of Detroit bounded by the Chrysler Freeway (I-75) on the east, the Lodge Freeway (M-10) on the west, the Grand Trunk Railroad tracks on the north, and Selden Street, Parsons Street, East Willis Street, and East Warren Avenue on the south. This particular appellation has fallen out of use, replaced by "Midtown", which extends the southern University–Cultural Center boundary to the Fisher Freeway (I-75), and contracts the northern boundary to the Edsel Ford Freeway (I-94). All the structures in this MRA are located within Midtown. The section of the University–Cultural Center not included in Midtown is primarily industrial in nature (unlike the residential and commercial buildings in this MRA), and contains the New Amsterdam Historic District and the Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The C & H Refinery Historic District comprises an intact industrial complex in Lusk, Wyoming that documents an early 20th-century refinery. The C & H Refinery is noted as the smallest functioning oil refinery in the world, and may be the only remaining thermal distillation refinery, all other refineries having modernized to the catalytic cracking method.</p><br>
<p>The refinery processed oil produced at the Lance Creek Oil Field, which produced a paraffin-based high gravity "sweet" (low-sulfur) oil that could easily be processed through simple means. The Ohio Oil Company controlled the field and piped its product to markets in the USA Midwest. A part-time Ohio Oil employee, Roy Chamberlain, obtained permission to use oil from the Lance Creek pipeline and refine it. Using salvaged equipment from the defunct Pennsylvanian Belgo-American Refinery in Casper, Chamberlain and his partner James Hoblit built their refinery in 1933 in Lusk on a 1.5 acre site. Some of the equipment used by the C & H had been made as early as 1886.</p><br>
<p>Chamberlain sold his interest to Hoblit in 1935 and used the proceeds to buy the Ranger Hotel in Lusk. He went on to be elected state senator and founded the Ranger Oil Company. Hoblitt and his family retained the refinery until 1974.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The Site of Ferdinand Branstetter Post No. 1 of the American Legion is a vacant lot in Van Tassell, Wyoming where one of the first American Legion posts in the United States was established in 1919. The post was named after Ferdinand Branstetter, a Van Tassell resident who died in World War I. The structure housing the post has since been demolished. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.</p><br>
<p>An interpretative sign exists at the site, in 2009.</p><br>
<p>McMillan Hall is a building on the campus of Washington & Jefferson College in Washington, Pennsylvania, United States. Built in 1793, it is the only surviving building from Washington Academy. It is the eighth-oldest academic building in the United States that is still in use for its original academic purpose and is the oldest surviving college building west of the Allegheny Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The building is situated on the corner of South Lincoln Street and East Wheeling Street in Washington, Pennsylvania. It is 120 ft by 40 ft in size. McMillan Hall is named after College founder and Presbyterian missionary John McMillan. Throughout its history, McMillan has also been known as the "Old College," the "Academy Building," and the "Administration Building." It is currently home to administrative offices, including the Office of Communications and the Office of the President. The College&#39;s ceremonial mace is carved from the original wooden pillars.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The National Register described the buildings architecture as achieving a "unique quality and charm from the fact that vernacular builders selectively borrowed Georgian, Roman Classical, Adamesque, and other European Renaissance architectural forms, elements, and details and combined them in the builders own esoteric way." The National Register described its historical importance as a "unique variation of a Western Pennsylvania stone building," calling it "irreplaceable on a regional or national level."</p><br>
<p>In 1793, the Trustees of Washington Academy authorized the construction of a new building. Alexander Hamilton and Henry Lee stayed in the hall during their visit during the Whiskey Rebellion. The 2-story stone building was ready for occupation in 1797. Two wings and a portico were added in 1818, allowing the building to house dormitories and dining facilities for students. In 1900, the building was saved from planned demolition by a benefactor who insisted that it be preserved. In order to make room for the proposed library, it was moved 40 ft towards Lincoln Street. The building was remodeled in 1912 to house administrative offices. In 1928, the north wing, which had been used as student housing, was remodeled to create office space. At various times, the basement housed a dining hall, a lunch counter, classrooms, and the bookstore. It was restored to its 18th-century appearance in the late 1980s.</p><br>
<p>It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Initial construction</h3><br>
<p>In 1791, a fire destroyed the original log Washington County Courthouse, leaving Washington Academy without anywhere to hold classes. In 1793, the Trustees of Washington Academy authorized three men, James Brice, Absolom Baird and David Bradford, to form a committee to build and superintend a new building built on property donated by William Hoge. The foundation and walls of that building were finished in the fall of that year. On March 4, 1794, the Trustees entered into a contract with William Sherrard to complete the stone building, which was 35 by in size and stood two stories. It is believed that the building had an external staircase, but this is unclear. The building was placed into use for the first time on April 10, 1797. In addition to having a library and a reading room for students, the main hall was used as a Presbyterian place of worship.</p><br>
<h3>Expansion</h3><br>
<p>On March 28, 1806, Washington Academy was chartered as Washington College. A decade later, on June 24, 1816, the College&#39;s Committee of Buildings began planning to expand the building by adding two wings and a two-story portico with four Tuscan columns. Following the completion of the wings in 1819, the College was carrying $3,004.18 in construction debt owed to the workmen. In 1835, constructing began on a new building, called the "New College." Up until then, the original building, which was now referred to as the "Old College," had been the only building on the campus of Washington College. These additions were used as dormitories and dining facilities for the students, while the second floor was sealed off from use. In May 1826, the interior of the original center portion of the building was renovated. During his tenure, President David McConaughy lived rent-free in the south wing. Plans to enlarge the dormitories facilities, including the possibility of using the entire building as a boarding house, were discussed in 1848 and 1849.</p><br>
<h3>Movement and re-dedication</h3><br>
<p>In the late 1890s, the Board of Trustees was considering demolishing the "Academy Building," which then housed the library. However, the building was saved in 1900 when College benefactor W. R. Thompson donated $50,000 for the construction of a new library with the stipulation that the Academy Building be preserved. In order to make way for the new library, the Academy Building was moved 40 ft to the east and towards Lincoln Street by the John Eichley Corporation of Pittsburgh. After the move, the new foundation was of incorrect proportions, requiring the contractor to keep the building mounted on "skids and jacks" while a new foundation was constructed. The error cost the contractor dearly, and the whole operation cost the College $7,455.69.</p><br>
<p>The building was remodeled in 1912, opening the second floor for use for the first time since 1835 and adding an interior stairway. The funds for this remodeling project were donated by President James D. Moffat. The interior was painted while and the first floor received new fixtures, including new railings, partitions, and windows. It was rechristened the "Administrative Building," because it then housed all of the administrative offices, including the President&#39;s office. The "Administration Committee" met on the second floor. A cement walkway was added to connect the building to Old Main. Other proposals asked that the center portion of the building be used as "the long wanted student smoking room on the campus."</p><br>
<p>In 1928, the north wing was converted from a residence hall into office space, while the south wing continued to be used as a faculty residence. In 1937, the building was repainted and refurbished with new floor coverings. The College bookstore opened in the basement in 1938 and was enlarged in 1939 to add a refreshment and lunch counter. In 1942, a room under the South wing was turned into a classroom and a faculty dining room was added.</p><br>
<p>With the increased enrollment after World War II, the building&#39;s dining hall was moved to the Chapel in Old Main and the bookstore was moved to Hays Hall, allowing the former bookstore location to become part of the faculty dining hall. The south wing faculty residence hall was converted into office space in 1947, with administration office on the first floor and faculty offices on the second floor. By 1949, the entire building was used for administrative offices. By 1952, the postwar enrollment figures had stabilized, allowing the bookstore to reopen in the basement and the dining hall to return to Hayes Hall.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>A major renovation project, lasting from 1985 to 1987, restored the building to its original 18th-century condition. Non-original walls and partitions were removed, opening the hallways in the two wings for free movement, and the main lobby and first floor foyer were restored. For the exterior, the roof, soffit, and facis were repaired and the brickwork was repainted in a Colonial ivory. The three porches, on the front and one on each wing, and the chestnut pillars were restored and reconstructed. The basement was converted into offices for the clerical staff and the mailroom. The electrical wiring, ventilation system, telephone, and switchboard system were replaced. Overall, this restoration cost $800,000 and was funded by private sources generated through the Colleges "Century III Fund" capital campaign. The newly restored building housed the Presidents Office and other administrative offices, including Development, Public Information, and Admissions Offices. It also served as a welcome center for prospective students and campus visitors. On Founders Day 1993, the building was rededicated as John McMillan Hall.</p><br>
<p>The Rawhide Buttes Stage Station, the Running Water Stage Station and the Cheyenne–Black Hills Stage Route comprise a historic district that commemorates the stage coach route between Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Deadwood, South Dakota. The route operated beginning in 1876, during the height of the Black Hills Gold Rush, and was replaced in 1887 by a railroad.</p><br>
<p>The Rawhide Buttes station was demolished in 1973 after having functioned as a ranch headquarters. The ruin of the stage station barn is the only remnant of the Running Water Station, which stood about 15 mi north of Rawhide Butte near the stage route&#39;s intersection with the Texas Trail. Running Water saw a minor mining boom during the 1880s, but was superseded by Lusk.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.</p><br>
<p>Liberty County Courthouse is a historic two-story domed redbrick government building located at 100 Main Street in Hinesville, Liberty County, Georgia, Built in 1926, it was designed by J. J. Baldwin in the Classical Revival style of architecture. Architecturally complementary wings were added in 1965. On September 18, 1980, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Photo</h2><br>
<p>The Jones County Courthouse in Anamosa, Iowa, United States was built in 1937. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003 as the "Jones County Court House." It is a part of the PWA-Era County Courthouses of IA Multiple Properties Submission, and is the third building the county has used for court functions and county administration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first Jones County Courthouse was built in 1847 for $800. The building measured 30 by, and was occupied on January 3, 1848. The county declared the building unsafe and vacated it in 1864. It was destroyed by fire in 1875. The county rented space until the city of Anamosa appropriated $6,000 to buy the second floor of the Shaw Block to insure the county seat would not move to Center Junction. A plan to build a courthouse in 1920 failed. There was, however, a lack of pride in the county facilities that were declining in condition that threatened the security of county records.</p><br>
<p>The county board of supervisors applied to the Public Works Administration, or PWA, for a grant to build a new courthouse and a referendum was approved by 77 percent of voters on September 10, 1935. Des Moines architects Dougher, Rich & Woodburn designed the new building. Excavation for the courthouse was begun once the PWA approved the grant. The cornerstone was laid on August 9, 1936. C.C. Larsen & Sons Co. of Council Bluffs won the contract to build the building. Completion was delayed because of contract delays and cost overruns. The building&#39;s final construction costs were $200,000. County offices moved into the building in August and the dedication was held on September 10, 1937. Nearly 6,000 people attended the ceremonies. Governor Nelson G. Kraschel delivered the main address. Other speakers included State PWA Director P.P. Hopkins and Justice J.M. Parsons of the Iowa Supreme Court, who was a Jones County native.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The architectural style of the building is known as Depression Modern or PWA Moderne. The building features a symmetrical façade with a central section that is flanked by two lower sections. The exterior is composed of buff-colored brick and Bedford limestone trim. It is three stories tall and built on a raised basement. On the interior, the central corridors extend the length of the building, with the county offices opening onto the corridors. The building features multi-colored terrazzo floors, marble wainscoting, and acoustic tiles. The courtroom was originally decorated in dark wood tones and Art Deco ornamentation.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse is located on a large rectangular plot of land overlooking the Anamosa State Penitentiary on the west side of town. The land had previously been a city park and is a contributing site on the courthouse&#39;s nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. The original flagpole in front of the building is a contributing object. The two veterans monuments on the property, one from the 1970s or 1980s, and one from 2002 are non-contributing objects.</p><br>
<p>Jeff Davis County Courthouse in Hazlehurst, Georgia was constructed in 1906. W. Chamberlain & Co. designed the building. Renovations were completed in 1975 and 1995. The latest renovations were designed by Brittain, Thompson, Bray, Brown, Inc.</p><br>
<p>Designed in the Neoclassical Revival style, the building is the county&#39;s first courthouse. A domed clock tower rises above the structure. The dome is "rather Eastern in feeling". Windows of the dome were enclosed in renovations before 1980. The footprint of the building is unusual: it has octagonal pavilions at each corner of a rectangular design.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Iowa County Courthouse is a stone courthouse in Dodgeville, Wisconsin. Built by Cornish immigrants in 1859, it is the oldest courthouse still in use in Wisconsin. The building houses the circuit court and government offices of Iowa County, Wisconsin. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The present courthouse is the fourth to serve Iowa County. Three earlier courthouses had stood in Mineral Point. In a November 1858 election, a majority of voters chose to move the county seat to Dodgeville. Work to build the courthouse began in early 1859, with stonework by newly immigrated workmen from Cornwall, England. In the meantime, supporters of Mineral Point brought a lawsuit to contest its loss of the county seat. With the building still under construction on July 11, 1859, the Wisconsin Supreme Court annulled the 1858 county seat referendum on the grounds that insufficient notice had been published. The county continued with the construction of the new building, but its status was uncertain until April 2, 1861, when a new election confirmed voters&#39; choice to make Dodgeville the county seat. The Dodgeville courthouse was quickly put to use, holding a county board meeting on April 23 and a Union Civil War rally on May 2, 1861.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse has undergone several modifications since its construction. The county built additions to the west in 1894 and to the north in 1927 using stone that closely matched the original structure. Owing to deterioration in the woodwork, the front portico was rebuilt in 1937 as a replica of the original.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse is a two-story Greek Revival temple-style building. It is notable as a unique manifestation of otherwise standard Greek Revival architecture using locally available materials. Local resident Ernest Wiesen drew the plans for the courthouse, likely copying elements from the 1854 book The Modern Architect by Edward Shaw. The exterior walls consist of buff-colored local Galena limestone and the entrances are framed with carved stone pilasters and pediments. The front facade features a portico of four wooden doric columns, which are tilted slightly inward to create an impression of solidity. The roof is surmounted with a small eight-sided cupola and dome.</p><br>
<p>The Old Greeley County Courthouse in Tribune, Kansas, is the former courthouse of Greeley County, Kansas. Built from 1889 to 1890, the courthouse was the first in Greeley County. Construction started only a year after the county was formed in 1888. William T. Heaps, who also designed Hamilton County&#39;s courthouse, designed the building. The sandstone courthouse has a plain design with an iron cornice. It was constructed by Allen and Oleson of Ness City, Kansas and William Ruff.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, Greeley County replaced the courthouse with a new building adjacent to the old one. The old courthouse became the Greeley County Historical Society Museum, which in 2021 is the Horace Greeley Museum.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
